Unfolded protein response - Mitochondrial

Similar to the unfolded protein response in the endoplasmic reticulum, the mitochondrial UPR functions to maintain a homeostasis of the protein folding pathways. The UPR(mt) employs a mitochondria-to-nuclear signal transduction pathway, which regulates the expression of mitochondrial protective genes such as mitochondria-specific molecular chaperones and proteases. An increase in Cytochrome c Oxidase (COX) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity is an indicator of mitochondrial stress.

Mitosis

Mitosis is part of the eukaryotic cell cycle and results in the production of two daughter cells each with a copy of the genome. The cell cycle itself is comprised of an interphase (made up of three stages G1, S, and G2) and the M (mitotic) phase. Cell growth, active transcription and translation, and DNA replication occur during interphase. During M phase duplicated DNA (chromatin) condense into sister chromatids (prophase); the nuclear envelop breaks down, kinetochore microtubles attach to the chromosomes and centrosomes are pushed to the poles of the growing spindle (prometaphase); the chromosomes are lined up on the metaphase plate (metaphase); sister chromatids are pulled to spindle poles at opposite ends of the cell (anaphase); the nuclear envelop is reformed and the chromatids decondense to chromatin (telophase); and the cell is cleaved into two by a contractile ring and the resolution of a cleavage furrow (cytokinesis). In some variant cell cycles nuclear division may not be followed by cell division, or G1 and G2 phases may be absent.