Picture from Starostina NG et al. (2007) Dev Cell "A CUL-2 ubiquitin ligase containing three FEM proteins degrades TRA-1 to ...."

Figure 3. CUL-2 Negatively Regulates TRA-1 Levels in the Soma and Germline. (A) Simplified genetic pathway for C. elegans somatic sex determination (Zarkower, 2006). Arrows indicate positive interactions, and bars indicate negative interactions.(B and C) Anti-TRA-1 immunofluorescence staining of dissected adult intestines (B) and gonads (C) from the genotypes and sexes indicated. Note that germ cells in cul-2 mutants undergo a G1 phase arrest and are therefore larger than wild-type germ cells (Feng et al., 1999). Scale bars, 10 μm.(D) Graph of anti-TRA-1 signal derived from confocal microscopy of intestine (top) and distal germ cells (bottom). anti-TRA-1 signals (arbitrary units ± SEM) for all genotypes/sexes were normalized to 100 a.u. for wild-type intestine nuclei.

Picture from Siete C et al. (2024) MicroPubl Biol "Immobilization of C. elegans with different concentrations of an ...."

Figure 1. Comparison of axonal transport of TIR-1:GFP in AWC axons of worms immobilized with different concentrations of tetramisole and polystyrene microbeads:(A) Representative kymographs of moving TIR-1::GFP in AWC axons of worms immobilized with 0.5-7.5 mM tetramisole (Tet) or microbeads. The line within two blue arrowheads represents a retrograde trafficking event toward the proximal axon (P) or the ­­­­­AWC cell body; the line between two red arrowheads represents an anterograde trafficking event toward the distal (D) axon. (B) The percentage of anterograde and retrograde trafficking events. The average number of trafficking events per animal imaged is 19 (0.5 mM Tet), 24 (1 mM Tet), 21 (2 mM Tet), 19 (7.5 mM Tet), and 13 (microbeads). Z-test was used to determine p-values. Error bars, SE of proportion. ns, not significant. (C) The average velocity of anterograde and retrograde trafficking events. Red and blue lines indicate the comparison of anterograde and retrograde velocities, respectively. Student's t-test was used to determine p-values. Error bars, SEM. ns, not significant. The significance level 0.01 was adjusted to 0.0025 (0.01/4) using the Bonferroni method (Chen, Feng, & Yi, 2017) in (B) and (C).

Picture from Dixon SJ et al. (2005) Development "Muscle arm development in Caenorhabditis elegans."

Figure 1. The muscle arms of C. elegans. (A) An illustration of the BWMs (red) of the left side of C. elegans. Each BWM quadrant is organized into two rows. (B) A cross-section of A adapted, with permission, from White et al. (White et al., 1986). Each muscle of the two dorsal BWM quadrants and each muscle of the two ventral quadrants (red) extends arms to the nearest nerve cord (dark green) in either the DHR or the VHR, respectively. Only the muscle arms of the ventral left quadrant are indicated by green arrows. The LHR is indicated. (C) A transmission electron micrograph by John White (with permission) of the boxed region in B. BWMs are shaded pink. (D) The dorsal right (top) and dorsal left (bottom) BWMs that express MB::YFP from the trIs30 integrated transgene in a young adult. The Cpppaaa BWM is indicated (yellow arrow), along with four muscle arms (green arrows). (E) The ventral left (top) and ventral right (bottom) BWMs. The red asterisk indicates the position of the vulva. (F,G) Tracings of the dorsal and ventral BWMs, respectively. The identities of the distal muscles that express Mb::YFP at high levels are bright yellow, and those that express Mb::YFP at lower levels are light yellow. The head BWMs are shaded in dark grey, while the neck BWMs are shaded in light grey. The black X' in (G) represents the vulval muscles, which do not express Mb::YFP from trIs30 transgene. Anterior is to the left in all panels except in B and C. Scale bars: 50 μm. DHR, dorsal hypodermal ridge; LHR, lateral hypodermal ridge; VHR, ventral hypodermal ridge.