Picture from Jonathan J. Ewbank (2006) WormBook "Signaling in the immune response."

Figure 6. The TIR-1/NSY-1/SEK-1 cassette is part of a broader signaling network. Figure based on published information (Huffman et al., 2004; Kim et al., 2004; Koga et al., 2000; Mizuno et al., 2004; Sakaguchi et al., 2004; Villanueva et al., 2001). The MAP3K presumed to act upstream of SEK-1 and JKK-1 have not been identified. It is noteworthy that there is some uncertainty as to whether JNK-1 really plays a role in the resistance to the stress associated with heavy metal exposure (Mizuno et al., 2004) as originally reported (Villanueva et al., 2001).