Picture from Chen WI et al. (1993) J Biol Chem "A new member of the ras superfamily, the rac1 homologue from Caenorhabditis ...."

FIG.3. Developmental regulation of the expression of the CErac1 mRNA. a, totalRNA was prepared from the various C. elegant developmental stages and samples (5pg) from embryos(E), larvae(L1 to L4), adults (A), and mature adults(MA)were subjected to Northern blot analysis as described under 'Experimental Procedures.' The autoradiogram was exposed a t -70 C for 3 days. b, the same filter was stripped in 50% formamide solution, then hybridized with a 32P-labeled cDNA probe for actin mRNA (18),and the auto- radiogram was exposed over night a t -70 C. c, signals from autoradiograms were quantified separately by scanning densitometry in a n Ultroscan XL laser densitometer. The data were normalized to the integrated intensities of signals obtained a t each developmental stage with a 32P-labeled cDNA probe for actin mRNA. The relative abundance of the 1.7-kb CEracI mRNA at each developmental stage is shown.

Picture from Banerjee D et al. (2005) Dev Cell "Developmental timing in C. elegans is regulated by kin-20 and tim-1, homologs of ...."

Figure 3. KIN-20 Is the Closest C. elegans Homolog to Drosophila DOUBLETIME. (A) Phylogenetic tree of casein kinase I-predicted protein sequences from the following metazoans: Hs, Homo sapiens; Ma, Mesocricetus auratus; Ce, Caenorhabditis elegans; Dm, Drosophila melanogaster.(B) Schematic of kin-20 isoforms. Solid bars represent translated sequences and hatched bars represent untraslated sequences.(C) mRNA expression profiles of kin-20. A developmental Northern blot with total RNA from each developmental stage (E, embryos; L1-L4, larval stages 1-4; YA, young adult) was probed with a kin-20 fragment. Three signals were detected at all developmental stages (kin-20C at 4.0 kb, kin-20A at 2.5 kb, and kin-20B at 1.8 kb).(D) Schematic of the kin-20::gfp translational fusion construct for kin-20A and kin-20C isoforms. The C-terminal GFP fusion consists of kin-20-translated exons 3-7 under control of 3 kb of kin-20 native promoter, and with the unc-54 3'UTR.(E and F) KIN-20::GFP is expressed in seam cells and the hermaphrodite-specific neuron (HSN). (E) KIN-20::GFP localization to dividing seam cell pairs (indicated by small white arrowheads) in an L4-stage animal (magnification of 630). (F) KIN-20::GFP localization to the HSN (indicated by the large white arrowhead) in a late L4-stage animal (magnification of 1000). In (E) and (F), anterior is oriented toward the left, and dorsal is oriented toward the top.

Picture from Larkin, Kerry A. et al. (2023) MicroPubl Biol

Figure 1. copa-1 missense mutants experience heightened ER stress phenotypes after exposure to 10 µg/mL tunicamycin:a. COPI heptameric coatomer. Illustration showing the alpha, beta-prime, and epsilon subcomplex, as well as the delta, zeta, beta, and gamma subunits of the COPI coat protein assemble onto a budding vesicle from cis-Golgi bound for the ER. COPI coats vesicles moving in retrograde from the Golgi to the ER. Panel created in BioRender. b. Protein alignment between human and C. elegans COPA and COPA-1, respectively, at indicated residues. Nine amino acids implicated in COPA Syndrome are conserved (highlighted in aqua) and one differs (highlighted in magenta) between the two species. c. copa-1 mutants generated with CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing. The genomic sequence and protein sequence are listed for each line at the indicated position. K322N mutation is indicated in green and R235H mutation is indicated in pink. Silent mutations used for genotyping with restriction enzyme digest are noted in orange. d. copa-1 mutants have higher hsp-4::GFP expression when stressed by TM compared to WT: WT, copa-1[K232N], and copa-1[R235H] animals were synchronized via egg-lay on MeOH (vehicle) or TM plates, and representative images show hatched larval animals at 24, 48, and 72 hours since they were laid on plates as embryos. Left channel is maximum projection of the GFP signal and right channel is the maximum projection overlaid with the top slice of a DIC stack. Images taken at 10x magnification with scale bar for 100 µm. Thirteen 0.5 µm z-stacks/image. e. copa-1 mutants have higher quantified hsp-4::GFP expression when stressed by TM compared to WT throughout larval development. While on control conditions copa-1 mutants have comparable levels of hsp-4::GFP expression compared to WT, they have a higher increase when stressed by TM, indicating greater activation of the UPRER. Intensity calculated by the mean fluorescent value of the whole area of the animal corrected for background intensity. Values normalized to average hsp-4::GFP intensity of WT animals on control conditions. n = 20-30 animals/strain/condition. f. copa-1 mutants have decreased length when stressed by TM compared to WT starting at 48 hours post-egg lay. n = 20-30 animals/strain/condition. g. copa-1 mutants experience a developmental delay on TM during larval stages: Synchronized animals grown from an egg-lay on control or 10 µg/mL conditions reached fertile adulthood about a day later with copa-1 mutations compared to control conditions or WT animals on either condition. This suggests an organismal phenotype brought on by higher ER stress sensitivity in copa-1 mutants. N = 33-65 animals/strain/condition. Differences analyzed by Two-Way ANOVA with Tukey Kramer post hoc tests. * = p<0.05, **** = p<0.0001