Picture from Claycomb JM et al. (2009) Cell "The Argonaute CSR-1 and its 22G-RNA cofactors are required for holocentric ...."

CSR-1 (left, yellow) remain localized to P granules in the embryonic P cell lineage (dashed circles; DNA, center, blue).

Picture from Koh K et al. (2002) Development "Cell fates and fusion in the C. elegans vulval primordium are regulated by the ...."

Expression of egl-18::GFP. (A-C) Expression of pKK63 containing an 800 bp enhancer and a basal promoter. (A) L2 larva, in which all VPCs (P3.p-P8.p) show approximately equal levels of GFP expression (arrows). All six VC neurons show GFP expression, although not all are visible in this focal plane. Arrowhead indicate a VC neuron. (B) L3 larva shortly before VPC divisions, showing stronger GFP expression in P5.p-P7.p cells than in P4.p and P8.p. (C) L3 larva after the first VPC cell divisions. Daughters of P6.p show higher GFP expression than daughters of P5.p and P7.p. GFP expression is not detectable in P4.px and P8.px cells.

Picture from Inoue T et al. (2004) Cell "C. elegans LIN-18 is a Ryk ortholog and functions in parallel to LIN-17/Frizzled ...."

Corresponding Nomarski (bottom) and epifluorescence (top) images are shown. The anchor cell is indicated by large arrowheads. Identities of VPC descendants are indicated below. Scale bar = 20 μm.(B) Nuclear localized GFP under the control of the lin-17 promoter in P5.p and P7.p granddaughters. Arrows point to ventral cord neurons that also express lin-17::gfp. Although animals photographed in (B) display brighter expression in P5.p and P7.p compared to P6.p, many individuals express lin-17::gfp in P6.p granddaughters also.(E) lin-17::gfp in VPCs, P6.p, and P7.p. P5.p also expresses lin-17::gfp and lin-18::gfp (not shown). Downward arrows point to ventral cord neurons expressing lin-17::gfp.

Picture from Koh K et al. (2002) Development "Cell fates and fusion in the C. elegans vulval primordium are regulated by the ...."

Figure 4. Expression of egl-18/elt-6::GFP. (A-C) Expression of pKK63 containing an 800 bp enhancer and a basal promoter. (A) L2 larva, in which all VPCs (P3.p-P8.p) show approximately equal levels of GFP expression (arrows). All six VC neurons show GFP expression, although not all are visible in this focal plane. Arrowhead indicate a VC neuron. (B) L3 larva shortly before VPC divisions, showing stronger GFP expression in P5.p-P7.p cells than in P4.p and P8.p. (C) L3 larva after the first VPC cell divisions. Daughters of P6.p show higher GFP expression than daughters of P5.p and P7.p. GFP expression is not detectable in P4.px and P8.px cells. (D) Early-L3 larva showing expression of an elt-6 transcriptional fusion pKK41 in P5.p-P7.p cells. pKK41 contains 8 kb of genomic sequence upstream of the elt-6 ATG, including the 800 bp enhancer in pKK63 (Koh and Rothman, 2001).

Picture from Doyle JJ et al. (2023) MicroPubl Biol "Genetic Interactions of Progranulin Across the ALS-FTD Spectrum and ...."

Figure 1. Genetic interactions of pgrn-1 in disease models:The genetic loss of pgrn-1 exacerbates the paralysis phenotypes of TDP-43A315T (A, p=0.0041) and FUS&#x2206;S57 (B, p=0.0007) transgenic animals, and of ptl-1(ok621) (D, p<0.0001), cdc-48.1(tm544) (E, p=0.0016), and sqst-1(ok2892) (F, p<0.0001) mutant animals. Paralysis of alfa-1(ok3062) animals are not affected by the loss of pgrn-1 (C, n.s.), and neither are ubql-1(ok997) (G, n.s.) and smn-1(gk118916) (I, n.s.) animals after depletion of pgrn-1 by RNAi. RNAi experiments were conducted in the uIs60 [unc-119p::YFP + unc-119p::sid-1] background. (A-F, H, J) The overexpression of full-length, wild-type PGRN-1 ameliorates paralysis in all disease models tested (A, p=0.0003; B, p=0.0015; C, p<0.0001; D, p=0.0006; E, p=0.0232; F, p<0.0001; H, p=0.0011; J, p<0.0001). Data on graphs are presented as mean +/- SEM, gathered from multiple biological replicates. (PGRN-1 O/E=PGRN-1 overexpressing strain; black numbers= total worm population; blue numbers= paralyzed animals; red numbers= censored animals)

Picture from Howard RM et al. (2002) Genes Dev "C. elegans EOR-1/PLZF and EOR-2 positively regulate Ras and Wnt signaling and ...."

Figure 3. (A-C,E) EOR-1::GFP and (D,F) EOR-2::GFP localize to the nuclei of many cell types. Anterior is left. (A) P1/2, P3/4, P5/6, P7/8, P9/10, and P12 (arrowheads) during embryogenesis before P cell fate specification. P cells are the precursors to the VPCs, P11.p and P12.pa. ajm-1::GFP (Mohler et al. 1998) was used to aid in P-cell identification. The right side of the embryo is shown. P cells on the left side also express EOR-1::GFP (data not shown). (B) P5.p-P8.p (arrows) at late L2 stage during inductive signaling. (C) Nonvulval cells P4.pp and P8.pa (arrows) and vulval cells (in brackets) at L4 stage. (D) P5.p-P8.p (arrows) at early L2 stage before inductive signaling. (E,F) P11.p (arrow) and P12.pa (arrowhead) at L4 stage.

Picture from Howard RM et al. (2002) Genes Dev "C. elegans EOR-1/PLZF and EOR-2 positively regulate Ras and Wnt signaling and ...."

EOR-2::GFP localizes to the nuclei of many cell types. Anterior is left. (D) P5.p-P8.p (arrows) at early L2 stage before inductive signaling. (F) P11.p (arrow) and P12.pa (arrowhead) at L4 stage.

Picture from Singh N et al. (1995) Genes Dev "sur-2, a novel gene, functions late in the let-60 ras-mediated signaling pathway ...."

Figure 6. Vulval expression of a sur-2::IacZ transgene. N2 hermaphrodites carrying an integrated sur-2:lacZ translational fusion (kuls15( were fixed and stained with X-gal. (a) Late L1 larva. Many neurons stain in the ventral cord. These include the Pn.a and presumably the DB and DA neurons. The P(1-12).p cells also stain. (b) L3 larva. The Pn.p cells have divided to gen- erate Pn.pa and Pn.pp daughters that stain. From left to right, brackets indicate P5.pa and P5.pp, P6.pa and P6.pp, P7.pa and P7.pp, and P8.pa and P8.pp. The daughters of P3.p and P4.p also stain but are not within the field of the photomicrograph. (c) L3 larva; the Pn.pxx descendants of P5.p, P6.p, and P7.p stain. These cells will generate the normal vulva. The staining in the descendants of P3.p, P4.p, and P8.p at this stage is greatly reduced. (d) Late L3 larva. The arrow depicts the vulval invagination formed from the descendants of P5.p, P6.p, and P7.p. They no longer express the sur-2:lacZ transgene. The strongly staining cell above the invagination is the anchor cell.

Picture from Eisenmann DM et al. (2000) Genetics "Protruding vulva mutants identify novel loci and Wnt signaling factors that ...."

Figure 2.-Four stages of C. elegans vulval development. (A) Generation of P1.p-P12.p during the L1 stage. P3.p-P8.p make up the Vulval Equivalence Group. The remaining six cells fuse with the hypodermis of the animal during the L1 stage. (B) In the late L2 stage, the fates of the six vulval precursor cells (P3.p-P8.p) are determined in response to several extracellular signals: an inductive signal from the anchor cell, a lateral signal acting between Pn.p cells, and a general inhibitory signal acting between the Pn.p cells and the surrounding hypodermal syncytium. The outcome of these signaling events is that P6.p adopts the 1 vulval cell fate, its neighbors, P5.p and P7.p, adopt the 2 vulval cell fate, and P3.p, P4.p, and P8.p adopt the 3, nonvulval cell fate. Note that P3.p also adopts the F fate 50% of the time in wild-type animals. (C) The vulval precursor cells execute their cell fates in the L3 stage. Shown are P3.p-P8.p with their patterns of cell division and the fate of their progeny cells (vulval or hypodermal). For P5.p-P7.p, the letters indicate the plane of the axis of the last cell division (see Table 2). (D) The 22 vulval cells go through morphogenetic movements during the L4 larval stage to form the vulval opening. A diagram of an intermediate stage in that process, referred to as the 'Christmas tree' stage, is shown here. The 8 cells descended from P6.p occupy the center of the developing vulva, and the 7 cells each descended from P5.p and P7.p occupy the sides of the developing vulva. To the right of each diagram are indicated the genes examined in this work that are likely to function at that stage in vulval development.

Picture from Levitan DJ et al. (1998) Development "LIN-12 protein expression and localization during vulval development in C. ...."

Figure 4. Confocal images of the VPCs and their descendants from L3 wild-type hermaphrodites. At the L3 stage, animals were fixed and stained with anti-GFP antibody to visualize LIN-12::GFP and with MH27, to visualize tight junctions which outline the VPCs and counterstained with DAPI, to visualize all nuclei (data not shown). (A,C,E,G,I,K) Anti-GFP staining pattern. (B,D,F,H,J,L) MH27 staining pattern. All images are ventral views except E and F which are lateral views; in all images anterior is to the left. (A,B) Pn.p stage, early L3. White arrows point to P6.p. (C,D) Pn.p stage, mid L3. White arrows point to P6.p. (E,F) Lateral view, Pn.p stage, mid L3. White arrows point to P6.p. In E, g is above the gonadal staining. (G,H) Pn.p stage, mid L3. 3xzoom. Left arrow points to P6.p, right arrow points to P7.p. (I,J): Pn.px stage. All Pn.ps have divided once; P3.p has already joined the hypodermal syncytium hyp7 so it is no longer outlined with the MH27 antibody. Outlined arrows point to progeny of P5.p and P7.p. (K,L): Pn.pxx stage.P5.p-P7.p have divided twice. P3.p, P4.p and P8.p descendants have joined the hypodermal syncytium hyp7 and are no longer outlined by the MH27 antibody. Arrowheads point to the progeny of P5.p and P7.p.