Picture from Tellez-Arreola, Jose L et al. (2019) MicroPubl Biol

Figure 1. Structure and effects of chrysin and its Br-derivative. A) Structure of chrysin and 7-O-(3-bromopropyl)-chrysin, B) Representative GABA-currents in presence or absence of 7-O-(3-bromopropyl)-chrysin. Percent of change of the GABA-induced current amplitude in presence of chrysin and chrysin-derivative at different concentrations. C) Speed and wavelength of the nematodes in the presence of the compounds after 3 h of exposure to 100 µM in each condition.

Picture from Ruaud AF et al. (2007) Development "The P-type ATPase CATP-1 is a novel regulator of C. elegans developmental timing ...."

Fig. 1. Mutation of catp-1 confers resistance to the nicotinic agonist DMPP. (A) Dose-response sensitivity to DMPP of wild type (WT) and catp-1(kr17) mutants. (B) catp-1 gene structure and constructs used for transgenesis experiments. Triangle, Mos1 insertion; dashes, direct repeats; arrows, inverted repeats; *, STOP codon. (C) Survival on 0.75 mM DMPP. Error bars represent s.e.m. (n≥4 independent experiments, N≥96 total individuals, two independent transgenic lines per construct tested). Pcatp-1(br)::catp-1(br): extrachromosomal array carrying the C. briggsae catp-1 genomic region; Pcatp-1(br)::catp-1(el): C. elegans catp-1 cDNA under the control of a C. briggsae catp-1 promoter. Both constructs rescued catp- 1(kr17) DMPP resistance. (D-G) catp-1 expression profile. Detection of GFP fluorescence by confocal (D) and epifluorescence microscopy (E) in transgenic larvae expressing Pcatp-1(C. briggsae)::GFP. catp-1 is expressed in the hyp (white arrowheads) and Pn.p cells of the epidermis (D) and in the duct cell of the excretory system (E-G). No GFP expression was detected in the lateral cells of the epidermis (seam cells: black arrowheads). In (G), the GFP image (E) of the duct cell was overlayed on a Nomarski picture of the same field (F) where the excretory duct is visible (black arrow). Scale bars: 20 μm (D); 5 μm (E-G). (H) Survival on 0.75 mM DMPP. Error bars represent s.e.m. (n≥3 independent experiments, N≥111 individuals, two independent lines). Expression of a dsRNA targeting catp-1 in the epidermis induces partial DMPP resistance in a sid-1(qt2) background (*P<0.05, Mann-Whitney test).

Picture from Esposito G et al. (2010) BMC Biol "The G protein regulators EGL-10 and EAT-16, the Gi GOA-1 and the G(q) EGL-30 ...."

Figure 6. A model for the ASH modulatory pathways. The model is discussed in the text, in the Discussion section. The molecules in the ovals are those studied in this paper. Only the main players are depicted. The question marks indicate that only the type of molecule (GPCR) is known, while its precise identity is not. DAG, diacylglycerol; PA, phosphatidic acid. Arrows indicate proven activities or pathways. Stimuli and molecules upstream of the two modulatory pathways: food, dopamine, octopamine, serotonin, DOP-3, OCTR-1 and SER-5 have been identified by Wragg et al. [10], Harris et al. [11] and Ezak and Ferkey [35] as modulators of the response to dilute octanol.

Picture from Whangbo JS et al. (1999) Mol Cell "A Wnt signaling system that specifies two patterns of cell migration in C. ...."

(C) Confocal image of a wild-type L1 larva carrying the integrated array muIs49(egl-20::gfp). The earliest expression of egl-20::gfp is detected in the tail region of the embryo at pretzel stage (around 600 min). At the time of the Q lineage migrations, egl-20::gfp is expressed in the anal depressor muscle (mu anal) and in the postembryonic blast cells P9/10, K, F, U, and B. muIs49 rescues cell migration defects (QL, QR, and HSN) and the egg-laying defect of egl-20(n585) animals. The egl-20(n585) allele contains a mutation in a highly conserved cysteine and behaves as a strong reduction-of-function mutation by genetic criteria (Harris et al. 1996). An identical expression pattern and rescued phenotype were produced by a second independent integrated array carrying egl-20::gfp. Dorsal is up and anterior is left. Scale bar is 10 um.(D) Diagram of the cells expressing egl-20::gfp during the L1 larval stage.

Picture from Tanner, Duncan et al. (2022) MicroPubl Biol

Figure 1. Male and Hermaphrodite C elegans show different food leaving behavior during exposure to undiluted repulsive odor cues:A-GA) Schematic of behavioral assay is shown that measures wild type hermaphrodite and male worms in a multi-sensory behavior. Assaying food leaving on E. coli (OP50) during exposure to undiluted 2-nonanone repellent (See Methods, Harris et al., 2019; Ellis et al., 2020). All assays ranged from 45 - 60 minutes per assay for hermaphrodite worms being compared to male worms. B) Wild type hermaphrodite worms show normal food leaving during exposure to undiluted 2-nonanone odor (n=4 repeated days tested for wild type hermaphrodite worms) (0-45 minutes assayed). Wild type worms leaving food patch across 45 minutes (as described in Harris et al., 2019; Ellis et al., 2020). E. coli (OP50) food lawn used. 2-nonanone used. Mean number of worms that left the food at each 5 minute time point is represented, C) i) Wild type N2 hermaphrodite worms versus wild type N2 male worms examined for 2-nonanone-dependent food leaving on E. coli (OP50) (n=8 repeated days assayed for male vs hermaphrodite worms). (0 - 60 minutes assayed), males show delayed food leaving during 2-nonanone exposure, males were compared to hermaphrodite worms. Hermaphrodites, (Black line), males, (Red line), ii) Images showing wild type N2 male worms in the 2-nonanone-dependent food leaving assay (N2 males shown on E. coli (OP50) food patch just after 2-nonanone addition and after 10 minutes of 2-nonanone exposure (both images taken in the same experiment on the same day). D) Males were examined for food leaving during exposure to the repellent, undiluted benzaldehyde (100%) compared to hermaphrodite worms (0 - 60 minutes assayed), (n=4 repeated days assayed for male vs hermaphrodite worms), hermaphrodites, (Black line), males, (Red line). Delayed food leaving seen in males. E. coli (OP50) food lawn. Benzaldehyde used. E) Wild type N2 hermaphrodite worms compared to N2 male worms were examined for 2-nonanone-dependent food leaving on a Comamonas sp food patch (0 - 60 minutes assayed), (n=2 repeated days assayed for wild type male versus hermaphrodite worms), males were compared to hermaphrodite worms under identical conditions tested, hermaphrodites, (Black line), males, (Red line). Delayed food leaving seen in males. Comamonas sp bacterial food lawn used. 2-nonanone used. F) Male worms were examined for their ability to reach the edge of the food patch during 2-nonanone exposure (measuring 90% of worms that reach the edge of the food patch) (Harris et al., 2019) (n=3 repeated days), n.s=not statistically significant when comparing hermaphrodite and male worms tested on same day. hermaphrodites, (White column), males, (Black column). G) Wild type N2 male worms were examined for their ability to repel from 2-nonanone (100%, undiluted) when compared to wild type N2 hermaphrodite worms using the 2-nonanone avoidance assay No food was present on the plate during this assay (See Methods, Troemel et al., 1997). n=2 repeated days assayed for wild type hermaphrodites versus male worms. hermaphrodites, (White column), males, (Black column). Avoidance Index ranging from (0 to -1.0). We analyzed the Mean±SEM, Student's t-test, * p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001. All male worms were examined in parallel to wild type hermaphrodite worms tested on the same day under identical assay conditions. Each 2-nonanone-dependent food leaving assay for hermaphrodites or males used 20-25 worms per assay. n=number of repeated days tested for each behavioral assay from A-G.

Picture from Lee RC et al. (2001) Science "An extensive class of small RNAs in Caenorhabditis elegans."

Figure 1. Northern blots of small RNA transcripts. (A through C) Total RNA from C. elegans larvae (stages L1 through L4) or from mixed stage (M) populations were blotted and probed with oligonucleotides complementary to either the 5' or 3' half of the indicated transcript (13). U6 = the same filters were probed with probe to U6 snRNA as a loading control. (A)mir-60 5' probe detects a transcript of ~65 nt. The ratio of L1 to L4 mir-60 signal, normalized to U6, is about 5:1. The mir-60 3' probe (not shown) detects a similar-sized species with a similar developmental profile. (B) mir-80 3' probe detects a ~22-nt RNA expressed uniformly at all stages. (C) mir-52 5' probe. The normalized mir-52 signal is threefold greater in the L1 versus the L3. (D) mir-1 3' probe detects a transcript of ~22 nt in total RNA from mouse (Mm) 17-day embryos, mixed-stage C. elegans (Ce), Drosophila melanogaster (Dm) mixture of embryo-larvae-pupae, and in a sample of human heart (ht) tissue. Other human tissue samples were brain (br), liver (li), kidney (ki), and lung (lu). (E)mir-1 and mir-58 probes to total RNA from mixed populations of wild-type (+) and dcr-1(ok247) (-) animals. An increase in the proportion of unprocessed ~65-nt precursor is observed in the dcr-1 RNA.

Picture from Cale, Allison R et al. (2020) MicroPubl Biol

Figure 1: lin-41(0); daf-7 mutants display a lin-29-dependent dauer defective phenotype: (A) The daf-7(e1372) allele was used to promote dauer entry, and was present in all strains. Larvae homozygous for the lin-41 null allele n2914 (lin-41(0)) rarely entered dauer at the dauer-inducing temperature of 24C, in comparison to control larvae that were wild-type for lin-41 or heterozygous for lin-41(0). lin-41(0) was balanced with the closely-linked transgene nIs408[LIN-29::mCherry, ttx-3::gfp] (Harris and Horvitz 2011). lin-41(0) homozygous larvae were identified by lack of fluorescence, whereas lin-41(0)/+ or + refers to larvae that were positive for fluorescence. Simultaneous loss of lin-29 (lin-29(0)) suppressed the dauer-defective phenotype of lin-41(0), indicating that misregulation of lin-29 inhibits dauer entry in lin-41(0) larvae. (B) SDS-selection from starved plates yielded lin-41(0) homozygous dauer larvae, over half of which displayed morphological defects. Morphological defects were absent in lin-41(0); lin-29(0) dauers from starved plates, indicating that misregulation of lin-29 can result in abnormalities in dauer morphology. (C) daf-7 dauer larvae (top) from starved plates displayed distinct dauer alae with crisp, parallel lines as well as the long, thin body shape characteristic of dauer larvae. By contrast, some lin-41(0) dauer larvae displayed morphological defects including crooked and convergent alae and a lumpy body shape (bottom). Images were taken using a 63X objective. (D) Control lin-41(0)/nIs408 or nIs408 dauer larvae were long and thin, whereas some lin-41(0) homozygous dauer larvae appeared Dpy. Images were taken using a 10X objective. Fisher exact test: ns, not significant; ****, P<0.0001.

Picture from Whangbo JS et al. (1999) Mol Cell "A Wnt signaling system that specifies two patterns of cell migration in C. ...."

Figure 1. egl-20 Regulates Q Cell Migration and Is Expressed in the Posterior. (A) Q neuroblast lineage. The left and right Q cells (QL and QR, large circles) generate identical cell lineages to produce three neurons (diamond and two small squares) and cells that undergo apoptosis (crosses).(B) Migrations of the QL and QR descendants in the wild type and representative egl-20 mutants. Positions of the cells in the Q lineage are shown relative to lateral epidermal cells called the V cells (gray ovals). At hatching, QL and QR are located in approximately the same anteroposterior position. A few hours after hatching, the QL cell migrates posteriorly a short distance and then begins to express the Hox gene mab-5. The QL cell then divides and both descendants continue to express mab-5 (filled square and filled triangle). The QL.ap descendant migrates into the tail (filled diamond), but the two descendants of the QL.pa cell (filled small squares) do not migrate substantially. Similarly, soon after hatching, the QR cell migrates anteriorly a short distance and divides. Its descendants, which do not express mab-5, continue to migrate anteriorly. In egl-20 mutants, the QL cell still migrates posteriorly, but does not express mab-5. Consequently, its descendants migrate into the anterior. In addition, the QR.p descendants stop migrating prematurely and are located in positions posterior to the wild-type final positions.(C) Confocal image of a wild-type L1 larva carrying the integrated array muIs49(egl-20::gfp). The earliest expression of egl-20::gfp is detected in the tail region of the embryo at pretzel stage (around 600 min). At the time of the Q lineage migrations, egl-20::gfp is expressed in the anal depressor muscle (mu anal) and in the postembryonic blast cells P9/10, K, F, U, and B. muIs49 rescues cell migration defects (QL, QR, and HSN) and the egg-laying defect of egl-20(n585) animals. The egl-20(n585) allele contains a mutation in a highly conserved cysteine and behaves as a strong reduction-of-function mutation by genetic criteria (Harris et al. 1996). An identical expression pattern and rescued phenotype were produced by a second independent integrated array carrying egl-20::gfp. Dorsal is up and anterior is left. Scale bar is 10 um.(D) Diagram of the cells expressing egl-20::gfp during the L1 larval stage.(E) Positional model for the asymmetric activation of mab-5 expression (blue shading) in the Q lineage (see text).