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[
1978]
A small sightless worm crawling among particles of soil and decaying vegetation must have a variety of chemical senses to locate bacteria for food and to avoid poisons and predators. What chemicals are sensed? How many different kinds of receptor molecules are there? On which neurons are the receptors located? How sensitive are these neurons? How is the detection of a chemical communicated to the worm's central nervous system and converted into a behavioral response? All of these questions have been addressed in studies of the soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. This organism has recently become the subject of intensive genetic, behavioral and anatomical studies. The behavior that has been examined in most detail is chemotaxis. This chapter will review what is known about C. elegans chemotaxis and will present a number of new observations. The results will be interpreted in terms of a specific model of chemoreceptor function. The problem of analysis of central nervous system processing of chemosensory neuron information will be discussed briefly.
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[
WormBook,
2006]
Physiological methods entered the world of C. elegans, a model system used for many years to study development and a plethora of biological processes mainly employing genetic, molecular and anatomical techniques. One of the methods introduced by physiologists is the use of Xenopus oocytes for expression of C. elegans ion channels. Oocytes of the South African frog Xenopus laevis are used widely for the expression of mammalian channels and transporters contributing to numerous discoveries in these fields. They now promise to aid C. elegans researchers in deciphering mechanisms of channels function and regulation with implications for mammalian patho-physiology. Heterologous cRNA can be easily injected into Xenopus oocytes and translated proteins can be studied using several techniques including electrophysiology, immunocytochemistry and protein biochemistry. This chapter will focus on techniques used for oocyte preparation and injection, and will give a brief overview of specific methods. Limitations of the use of Xenopus oocytes will be also discussed.
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[
Methods Cell Biol,
1995]
Caenorhabditis elegans is in all likelihood the first metazoan animal whose entire genome will be determined. In addition, a very detailed description of the animal's morphology, development, and physiology is available (see elsewhere in this book, and Wood, 1988). Thus, the complete phenotype and genotype of an animal will be known. What is not known is how genotype determines phenotype; to study this, one needs to establish connections between genome sequence and phenotypes. Much has been done by classic or forward genetics: mutagenesis experiments have identified loci involved in a specific trait. Many of these loci have already been defined at the molecular level, and the genome sequence will certainly aid in the identification of many more. The opposite approach, reverse genetics, becomes naturally more important when more of the genome sequence is determined: Given the sequence of a gene of which nothing else is know, how can the function of that gene be determined? Reverse genetics is more than targeted inactivation. One can study a gene's function by several approaches...|
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[
1979]
Caenorhabditis elegans, a free-living nematode, is the subject of intensive genetic and developmental studies. Embryogenesis in C. elegans, like other nematodes, is strictly determinate and virtually invariant among individuals. The newly hatched juvenile has only about 550 cells arranged quite predictably. Postembryonic development is also quite regular and the number of nongonadal cells increases to only about 810 in the adult hermaphrodite. Here we will summarize results of embryonic cell lineage studies in our laboratory including the wild type and temperature-sensitive embryonic arrest mutants. We will also compare the developmental mechanisms of C. elegans to those of higher animals, and speculate about the possible role of histones in the timing of cell divisions in embryogenesis.
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[
1969]
In order to study properly the nutrition and culture of nematodes, it is desirable to establish the organisms in axenic culture. Only in this way can the metabolic abilities of the nematodes be separated from those of coexisting and interacting organisms. One may settle for a mono-axenic culture, but the best way to attain this is to obtain axenic nematodes and then add the second organism or tissue, for example, alfalfa callus tissue for plant parasitic nematodes (Krusberg, 1961). This chapter will devote itself, in the main, to recent work on the culture and nutrition of nematodes, free-living and parasitic, and will refer only in passing to work already thoroughly reviewed (Dougherty et al., 1959; Nicholas, et al., 1959; Dougherty, 1960).
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[
WormBook,
2006]
There are two sexes in C. elegans, hermaphrodite and male. While there are many sex-specific differences between males and hermaphrodites that affect most tissues, the basic body plan and many of its structures are identical. However, most structures required for mating or reproduction are sexually dimorphic and are generated by sex-specific cell lineages. Thus to understand cell fate specification in hermaphrodites, one must consider how the body plan, which is specified during embryogenesis, influences the fates individual cells. One possible mechanism may involve the asymmetric distribution of POP-1 /Tcf, the sole C. elegans Tcf homolog, to anterior-posterior sister cells. Another mechanism that functions to specify cell fates along the anterior-posterior body axis in both hermaphrodites and males are the Hox genes. Since most of the cell fate specifications that occur in hermaphrodites also occur in males, the focus of this chapter will be on those that only occur in hermaphrodites. This will include the cell fate decisions that affect the HSN neurons, ventral hypodermal P cells, lateral hypodermal cells V5 , V6 , and T ; as well as the mesodermal M, Z1 , and Z4 cells and the intestinal cells. Both cell lineage-based and cell-signaling mechanisms of cell fate specification will be discussed. Only two direct targets of the sex determination pathway that influence cell fate specification to produce hermaphrodite-specific cell fates have been identified. Thus a major challenge will be to learn additional mechanisms by which the sex determination pathway interacts with signaling pathways and other cell fate specification genes to generate hermaphrodite-specific cell fates.
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[
Methods Mol Biol,
2011]
PhospoPep version 2.0 is a project to support systems biology signaling research by providing interactive interrogation of MS-derived phosphorylation data from four different organisms. Currently the database hosts phosphorylation data from the fly (Drosophila melanogaster), human (Homo sapiens), worm (Caenorhabditis elegans), and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). The following will give an overview of the content and usage of the PhosphoPep database.
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Programmed cell death is a common cell fate in most if not all multicellular organisms. Apoptosis, which will be used as a synonym for programmed cell death throughout this chapter, occurs extensively during development as well as during later life. The development of the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans provides a good example of the extensive use of programmed cell death.
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[
1990]
Nematodes have been used as biological models of aging for some twenty years, and a large number of reviews have appeared both as a chapter in the previous edition of this handbook and in other sources. Major advantages and disadvantages in the use of nematodes as model organisms have been well reviewed. It is clear that for some purposes, such as the identification of genetic variants in length of life, which will be reviewed here, nematodes are an invaluable model. Genetic variants of Caenorhabditis elegans have recently been isolated that have life span extensions of more than 70%; these strains offer an exceptional new avenue for the dissection of aging processes. With the exception of dietary restriction and selectively bred long-lived strains of Drosophila melanogaster, there are no other techniques for lengthening life, thereby allowing the study of associated changes in other physiological systems. This chapter will concentrate on C. elegans and will review the genetic techniques used to study againg as well as methodological advances in other areas of C. elegans genetics. The possibilities for the study of physiological alterations associated with aging through the use of such genetic variants are not yet being widely exploited, leaving open a wide variety of potential research areas.
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[
2008]
In this chapter, selected aspects of the early embryogenesis of five representatives from different branches of the phylogenetic tree are compared with C. elegans and the impact of the observed differences for evolutionary considerations are discussed. Following a brief reference to phylogeny, basic features of early embryogenesis of C. elegans will be summarised to aid in appreciating the data from other nematodes reported subsequently.