Sorrentino V, Deplancke B, Ouhmad T, Cornaglia M, Gijs MA, Auwerx J, Williams EG, Krishnamani G, Frochaux MV, Nicolet-Dit-Felix AA, Lin T, Mouchiroud L
[
Curr Protoc Neurosci,
2016]
Phenotyping strategies in simple model organisms such as D. melanogaster and C. elegans are often broadly limited to growth, aging, and fitness. Recently, a number of physical setups and video tracking software suites have been developed to allow for accurate, quantitative, and high-throughput analysis of movement in flies and worms. However, many of these systems require precise experimental setups and/or fixed recording formats. We report here an update to the Parallel Worm Tracker software, which we termed the Movement Tracker. The Movement Tracker allows variable experimental setups to provide cross-platform automated processing of a variety of movement characteristics in both worms and flies and permits the use of simple physical setups that can be readily implemented in any laboratory. This software allows high-throughput processing capabilities and high levels of flexibility in video analysis, providing quantitative movement data on C. elegans and D. melanogaster in a variety of different conditions. 2016 by John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Genetic analysis of C. elegans development has focused on developmental events that take place after hatching, during postembryonic development. After hatching with 558 cells, about 10% of these are blast cells that undergo further cell divisions (Fig. 1) to generate a total of 959 neurons, muscles, intestinal and hypodermal cells in the hermaphrodite and 1031 cells in the male. Like embryonic development (se Edgar, Chap. 19 this Vol.), the pattern of cell division and differentiation during C. elegans postembryonic development is nearly invariant and has been completely described. The cell lineage of wild-type, mutant, or laser-ablated animals can be determined by direct observation of development using Normarski optics. Because most cells during C. elegans postembryonic development generate unique patterns of descendents (though symmetries in the lineage exist), the cell lineage produced by a particular blast cell during development is a signature of that cell's identity. Any changes in cell identity, induce, for example, by laser ablation or neighboring cells or by mutation, can be recognized by a change in the lineage produced by that cell. By laser ablation, it has been shown that in many cases, that patterns of cell lineage executed by particular cells do not depend on their neighbors and instead reflect some intrinsic developmental program. On the other hand, the lineages of particular blast cells, for example, those that generate the hermaphrodite vulva, have been shown by laser ablation experiments to depend on interactions with their neighbors. Thus the pattern of cell divisions and differentiations that normally occur during C. elegans development depends on the ancestry of cells in some cases on their neighbors or positional signals in other cases. Two major goals of developmental genetic analysis in C. elegans have been to explain how genes couple cell lineage information to cell identity and to explain how genes control and mediate cell-cell interactions. As described below, this analysis has revealed molecular mechanisms for the generation of lineage asymmetry and for intercellular signaling that are general to perhaps all metazoans.