K Omata et al. (1999) International C. elegans Meeting "Characterization of the neural circuit of C. elegans: model analysis of the touch response"

F Yonezawa, K Omata, K Kawamura

[International C. elegans Meeting, 1999]

In order to characterize the neural circuit of C. elagans, we construct a simple model by making use of the data table completed recently by Oshio et al . [1]. We assume that the signal of a neuron is calculated by the product of the signals from the neighboring neurons, and we investigate the touch sensitivity to continuous stimuli described by sinusoidal functions as defined in the rage from 0.0 to 1.0. We calculate the responses of the motor neurons by changing the frequencies of the stimuli. In our calculations, we change only the frequency w PLM for the input signal to the sensory neuron PLM, while the frequency for the other sensory neurons ALM, AVM and PVM is fixed to be a same value w 0 . We show that the output signals from the motor neurons A and B oscillate in time. We measure the minima of the oscillation for each w PLM value. The plot of the minima versus w PLM shows different hehaviors for the case of the neuron A and B. As for the signals from the neuron A, the values of the minima are widely distributed between 0.0 and 1.0 for all w PLM . As for the signals from the neuron B, on the other hand, the features are different for different w PLM values. (a) In the high frequency region of w PLM / w 0 0.4, the oscillation is simple harmonic and there exists only one minimum value (I min = 0.0). (b) As w PLM / w 0 is decreased, another minimum appears at a certain frequency, and the bifurcation takes place discontinuously. This behavior is different from usual continuous bifurcation observed in nonlinear systems. After a few discontinuous branching occur, signals with five periods can be seen in the intermediate frequency region of 0.3 w PLM / w 0 w PLM / w 0 [1] K. Oshio et al. ; C. elegans synaptic connectivity data'', Technical Report, CCEP, Keio Future No.1 (1998).

Wang C et al. (2018) Nat Commun "Author Correction: Small-molecule TFEB pathway agonists that ameliorate metabolic syndrome in mice and extend C. elegans lifespan."

Zhao T, Oswald NW, Li Y, Lin R, Wang C, Jaramillo J, Zhou A, McMillan EA, Douglas PM, MacMillan JB, Huang G, Luo M, Gao J, Mendiratta S, Lin Z, Wang Z, Niederstrasser H, Posner BA, Brekken RA, White MA

[Nat Commun, 2018]

The originally published version of this Article contained an error in the spelling of the author Nathaniel W. Oswald, which was incorrectly given as Nathaniel W. Olswald. This has now been corrected inboth the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.

Nawa Y et al. (1985) Parasite Immunol "Defective protective capacity of W/Wv mice against Strongyloides ratti infection and its reconstitution with bone marrow cells."

Kotani M, Nawa Y, Kiyota M, Korenaga M

[Parasite Immunol, 1985]

The susceptibility of congenitally anemic, and mast cell deficient W/Wv mice to infection with Strongyloides ratti was examined. After a primary infection, W/Wv mice showed greater and more persistent peak larval counts than did normal littermates. Worm expulsion was also slower in W/Wv mice than in +/+ mice. Furthermore, difference in susceptibility was expressed as early as 24 h after infection, suggesting not only that protective mechanisms of the gut but also of the connective tissue were defective in W/Wv mice. Reconstitution with bone marrow or spleen cells from +/+ mice was effective in restoring the protective response in W/Wv mice, whereas thymocytes or mesenteric lymph nodes had no effect. Both connective tissue and mucosal mast cells were repaired in W/Wv mice after marrow reconstitution and infection. Since relatively long incubation period was required for the expression of such reconstituting activities, bone marrow cells seem to contain precursor cells of the effector and/or regulator cells.

Casiraghi M et al. (2004) Int J Parasitol "Mapping the presence of Wolbachia pipientis on the phylogeny of filarial nematodes: evidence for symbiont loss during evolution."

Guerrero R, Bandi C, Franceschi A, Pocacqua V, Gardner SL, Casiraghi M, Martin C, Bain O

[Int J Parasitol, 2004]

Wolbachia pipientis is a bacterial endosymbiont associated with arthropods and filarial nematodes. In filarial nematodes, W. pipientis has been shown to play an important role in the biology of the host and in the immuno-pathology of filariasis. Several species of filariae, including the most important parasites of humans and animals (e.g. Onchocerca volvulus, Wuchereria bancrofti and Dirofilaria immitis) have been shown to harbour these bacteria. Other filarial species, including an important rodent species (Acanthocheilonema viteae), which has been used as a model for the study of filariasis, do not appear to harbour these symbionts. There are still several open questions about the distribution of W. pipientis in filarial nematodes. Firstly the number of species examined is still limited. Secondly, it is not clear whether the absence of W. pipientis in negative species could represent an ancestral characteristic or the result of a secondary loss. Thirdly, several aspects of the phylogeny of filarial nematodes are still unclear and it is thus difficult to overlay the presence/absence of W. pipientis on a tree representing filarial evolution. Here we present the results of a PCR screening for W. pipientis in 16 species of filariae and related nematodes, representing different families/subfamilies. Evidence for the presence of W. pipientis is reported for five species examined for the first time (representing the genera Litomosoides, Litomosa and Dipetalonema); original results on the absence of this bacterium are reported for nine species; for the remaining two species, we have confirmed the absence of W. pipientis recently reported by other authors. In the positive species, the infecting W. pipientis bacteria have been identified through 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis. In addition to the screening for W. pipientis in 16 species, we have generated phylogenetic reconstructions based on mitochondrial gene sequences (12S rDNA; COI), including a total of 28 filarial species and related spirurid nematodes. The mapping of the presence/absence of W. pipientis on the trees generated indicates that these bacteria have possibly been lost during evolution along some lineages of filarial nematodes.

Mori, A. et al. (2019) International Worm Meeting "Developing alternative methods for high-throughput behaviour assay."

Schafer, W., Mori, A.

[International Worm Meeting, 2019]

An animal's behaviour can be considered as the output of the neural network which controls it; thus, analysing the behaviour in detail potentially reveals individual neural functions at network level. Our research goal is to understand the function of 302 neurons at the network level. Microfluidic technologies combined with image processing techniques have greatly contributed to C. elegans researches, especially behavioural analysis, over the last decade. However, applying these methods to high-throughput behavioural assays remains challenging, with a trade-off between image resolution and experimental throughput. Thus, the best solution would be to develop a system with inexpensive, small hardware device, and still allow us to capture high-resolution images/movies and with a computational platform for precisely analysing worm's behaviour and behavioural changes, together with, applicable for high-throughput researches. We have developed custom hard- and soft-wares for computational phenotyping to analyse worm's locomotion behaviour. Our hardware device with microfluidics and commercially available computer/camera modules is cost-effective and ease to manipulate and fabricate, which allows researchers to use our systems in different research objects and easily scale up the system for high throughput experiments. This device is hand-size and can fit into temperature-controlled chamber for thermal assay. Further, this system can allow worm growth in the device and provide external stimulation, indicating that this system can record worm behaviour for a long time under various types of stimulations. Our software platform not only integrates previously developed programs for behaviour features, but also employs machine-/deep-learning methods to detect specific body parts with abnormal movement. This approach could potentially reveal causative relations between neurons and movements. Analysing time-series high-resolution images allows us to quantify not only biological rhythms such as pumping and egg lay, but also features such as physiology and development. Taken together, the combination of these analyses can lead shed a light on new function of neurons. We will discuss our latest results and applications in the conference.

Kaulich, E. et al. (2019) International Worm Meeting "Characterisation of the nematode acid-sensing ion channel ACD-5."

Schafer, W., Kaulich, E.

[International Worm Meeting, 2019]

Acid-sensing ion channels are members of the Degenerin/Epithelial Sodium Channels (DEG/ENaC) super-family, a class of non-voltage gated, amiloride-sensitive cation channels that are conserved across species. An increasing amount of evidence suggests that DEG/ENaC ion channels are widely expressed in the nervous system where they have shown to modulate presynaptic function, however, the exact underlying mechanism remain poorly understood. Here we use the nematode C. elegans as a model system to study the role of the proposed acid-sensing ion channel ACD-5. Interestingly, while during reproductive development, ACD-5 expression is observed throughout the intestine, under unfavourable growth conditions in dauer, expression of the ACD-5 is also observed in two sensory neurons. This neuronal expression persists after favourable conditions return and after dauer exit. We hypothesise, that similar to the mammalian members of the DEG/ENaC family, ACD-5 is able to modulate presynaptic function during unfavourable conditions. To investigate this hypothesis and characterise the ACD-5 channel further we performed two-electrode voltage clamp recordings in ACD-5 expressing Xenopus oocytes. Our results indicate that ACD-5 can form a sodium ion channel that can be blocked by both the ENaC antagonist amiloride and by low pH. Using calcium imaging of C. elegans' sensory neurons in a microfluidic chip, behavioural assays and genetic tools we are currently investigating potential phenotypes for ACD-5, aiming to investigate the role of ACD-5 in sensory transduction.

Lewis JA (1981) Worm Breeder's Gazette "Modified Ficoll Method for Cleaning Worms"

Lewis JA

[Worm Breeder's Gazette, 1981]

I have made two modifications in the Ficoll method I originally described in WBG, vol. 3, #2. First, all Ficoll solutions are made 0. 1 M in NaCl to avoid shocking osmoticalIy sensitive worms like unc-29( e1072). Second, after sedimenting worms through 15% w/w Ficoll 400 ( 15', 300 x g), the worms are diluted with an equal volume of 0.1 M NaCl and floated on 35% w/w Ficoll (15', 300 x g) before washing 2x with 0.1 M NaCl. The Ficoll sedimentation removes dead or degenerated worms, cuticles, bacteria. The flotation removes crystalline debris sometimes occurring in worm cultures. We also find that special care to pipette out the last residue of bacterial medium (e.g. 3XD) before resuspending bacteria for worm growth is most conducive to obtaining uncontaminated worms.

Li Z et al. (2018) Pak J Pharm Sci "Cellulase-assisted extraction and anti-ultraviolet activity of polysaccharides from the root of Flammulina velutipes on Caenorhabditis elegans."

Chen M, Lin L, Zhang Y, Wang T, Cui H, Wang C, Li Z

[Pak J Pharm Sci, 2018]

We investigated the cellulase-assisted extraction and anti-ultraviolet activity of water-soluble polysaccharides from the root of Flammulina velutipes on Caenorhabditis elegans. A Box-Behnken design experiment with three factors and three levels, including enzymolysis temperature, microwave time, and microwave power, was designed on the basis of the results of single-factor experiments. For improving the polysaccharide yield of F. velutipes root, the following optimal extraction conditions were used: 52.67C enzymolysis temperature, 80s microwave time, and 144 W microwave power. Under optimal conditions, the actual measured value of the yield was 2.01% (w/w) and the predicted value was 2.06% (w/w). One fraction (FRP-2) was isolated and purified, and its characteristics were analyzed. The average mean molecular weight of FRP-2 was measured to be 2.60x10⁵ Da, and its monosaccharide composition is mainly glucose. The sugar units are present both in the -configuration and -configuration. Moreover, FRP-2 exhibited certain anti-ultraviolet activity to C. elegans when the polysaccharide concentration ranged between 0.05mg/mL and 0.20mg/mL.

Zhao C et al. (1993) Worm Breeder's Gazette "Cloning of the lin-32 Gene"

Emmons SW, Zhao C

[Worm Breeder's Gazette, 1993]

Cloning of the lin-32 gene Connie Zhao and Scott W. Emmons, Department of Molecular Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY 10461

Sommer RJ et al. (1994) Worm Breeder's Gazette "Evolution of Vulva-Formation: Part II: Species With a Central Vulva"

Sommer RJ, Sternberg PW

[Worm Breeder's Gazette, 1994]

Evolution of vulva-formation: Part II: Species with a central vulva Ralf J. Sommer & Paul W. Sternberg, California Institute of Technology, Division of Biology 156-29, Pasadena, CA 91125