Rothman Z et al. (2000) European Worm Meeting "GFP is a selective non-linear optical sensor of electrophysiological processes in C. elegans"

Rothman Z, Lewis A, Khatchatouriants A, Treinin M

[European Worm Meeting, 2000]

Electrophysiology of the nematode C. eleganshas the potential to bridge the wealth of information on the molecular biology and anatomy of this organism with the responses of selected cells and cellular neural networks associated with a behavioral response. So far electrophysiological analysis has been extremely difficult. However we now demonstrate that the non-linear optical phenomenon of second harmonic generation (SHG) can be detected using green fluorescent protein (GFP) chimeras expressed in selected cells of living animals. Alterations in the SHG signal as a result of receptor ligand interactions and mechanical stimulation of the mechanosensory cells demonstrate that this signal is very sensitive to membrane potential. The results suggest that this approach to membrane potential measurements in C. elegans and in other biological systems could effectively couple data on specific cells with functional responses that are associated with behavioral and sensory processes.

Ketel, CS et al. (2005) Mol Cell Biol "Subunit contributions to histone methyltransferase activities of fly and worm polycomb group complexes."

Vargas, ML, Andersen, EF, Strome, S, Ketel, CS, Suh, J, Simon, JA

[Mol Cell Biol, 2005]

The ESC-E(Z) complex of Drosophila melanogaster Polycomb group (PcG) repressors is a histone H3 methyltransferase (HMTase). This complex silences fly Hox genes, and related HMTases control germ line development in worms, flowering in plants, and X inactivation in mammals. The fly complex contains a catalytic SET domain subunit, E(Z), plus three noncatalytic subunits, SU(Z)12, ESC, and NURF-55. The four-subunit complex is > 1,000-fold more active than E(Z) alone. Here we show that ESC and SU(Z)12 play key roles in potentiating E(Z) HMTase activity. We also show that loss of ESC disrupts global methylation of histone H3-lysine 27 in fly embryos. Subunit mutations identify domains required for catalytic activity and/or binding to specific partners. We describe missense mutations in surface loops of ESC, in the CXC domain of E(Z), and in the conserved VEFS domain of SU(Z)12, which each disrupt HMTase activity but preserve complex assembly. Thus, the E(Z) SET domain requires multiple partner inputs to produce active HMTase. We also find that a recombinant worm complex containing the E(Z) homolog, MES-2, has robust HMTase activity, which depends upon both MES-6, an ESC homolog, and MES-3, a pioneer protein. Thus, although the fly and mammalian PcG complexes absolutely require SU(Z)12, the worm complex generates HMTase activity from a distinct partner set.

Wan G et al. (2021) EMBO J "ZSP-1 is a Z granule surface protein required for Z granule fluidity and germline immortality in Caenorhabditis elegans."

Pagano D, Dodson AE, Bajaj L, Kennedy S, Fei Y, Wan G, Fields B

[EMBO J, 2021]

Germ granules are biomolecular condensates that form in germ cells of all/most animals, where they regulate mRNA expression to promote germ cell function and totipotency. In the adult Caenorhabditis elegans germ cell, these granules are composed of at least four distinct sub-compartments, one of which is the Z granule. To better understand the role of the Z granule in germ cell biology, we conducted a genetic screen for genes specifically required for Z granule assembly or morphology. Here, we show that zsp-1, which encodes a low-complexity/polyampholyte-domain protein, is required for Z granule homeostasis. ZSP-1 localizes to the outer surface of Z granules. In the absence of ZSP-1, Z granules swell to an abnormal size, fail to segregate with germline blastomeres during development, and lose their liquid-like character. Finally, ZSP-1 promotes piRNA- and siRNA-directed gene regulation and germline immortality. Our data suggest that Z granules coordinate small RNA-based gene regulation to promote germ cell function and that ZSP-1 helps/is need to maintain Z granule morphology and liquidity.

Khan, Munzareen et al. (2021) International Worm Meeting "

Khan, Munzareen, Sengupta, Piali, Dwyer, Noelle, Hartmann, Anna, Bargmann, Cori, Piccione, Madeline

[International Worm Meeting, 2021]

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Krishna P et al. (1988) J Biol Chem "Yolk proteins from nematodes, chickens, and frogs bind strongly and preferentially to left-handed Z-DNA."

Krishna P, Kennedy BP, van de Sande JH, McGhee JD

[J Biol Chem, 1988]

Yolk proteins purified from the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, from the frog Xenopus laevis, and from chicken eggs all have the unexpected property of binding strongly and preferentially to a left-handed Z-DNA probe, brominated poly(dG-dC). We estimate that the nematode proteins bind to Z-DNA with an association constant of at least 10(4) (M-1) and that this association constant is at least 40-50-fold higher than the association constant to B-DNA. Thus, yolk proteins have a higher Z-DNA specificity than most of the Z-DNA binding proteins previously isolated from other sources. Although yolk protein binding to Z-DNA is poorly competed by a wide variety of nucleic acids, the interaction is strongly competed by the phospholipids cardiolipin and phosphatidic acid (500-1000-fold better than by the same mass of B-DNA). We suggest that Z-DNA interacts with the yolk protein phospholipid binding site. In general, our results emphasize the danger of using physical properties to infer biological function. In particular, our results should raise serious questions about the biological relevance of previously isolated Z-DNA binding proteins.

Wu S-L et al. (1996) East Coast Worm Meeting "CHARACTERIZATION OF AN ATYPICAL PROTEIN KINASE C IN C. Elegans."

Rubin CS, Wu S-L

[East Coast Worm Meeting, 1996]

Protein kinase Cz (PKCz) is an atypical member of the PKC superfamily. PKCz contains Cys-rich zinc binding and catalytic domains that are homologous with corresponding regions in other PKCs. Unlike other PKCs, the zeta isoform in not activated by diacyl glycerol, TPA or calcium. However, PKCz appears to be a target for activation by alternative lipid second messengers (3,4,5-phosphoinositol, ceramide) generated by PI-3-kinase and/or sphingomyelinase. Activated PKCz has been implicated in the transmission of regulatory signals from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, but its precise physiological roles remain to be rigorously determined. We have initiated studies on the structure, function and regulation of an atypical C. elegans PKC (designated PKC-Z) that is related to mammalian PKCz. A cDNA that encodes full-length PKC-Z was cloned and sequenced. The predicted PKC-Z protein (598 amino acid residues, molecular weight = 68,000) is only ~55% identical with mammalian PKCz. N-terminal and central portions of the two proteins are highly divergent. However, the catalytic, psuedosubstrate and Cys-rich domains are highly conserved. Comparison of the cDNA sequence with data from the C. elegans genome project indicates that the PKC-Z gene (LGII) encompasses 3.6 kbp of DNA and contains 9 exons. A C terminal fragment (120 amino acids) of PKC-Z was expressed as a His-tagged fusion protein in E. coli, purified and injected into rabbits to produce antiserum. Western immunoblot analysis revealed that PKC-Z is most abundantly expressed in the soluble fraction of embryos. The kinase is also evident in L1-L4 larvae and adult nematodes, but the bulk of the enzyme is tightly associated with the particulate fractions of post-embryonic animals. Consistent with the latter observation, immunostaining and confocal microscopy of permeabilized C. elegans revealed that PKC-Z is localized and concentrated in discrete intracellular clusters. The nature of the intracellular structure at which PKC-Z accumulates is not yet known. PKC-Z is being expressed in baculovirus/Sf9 cells and in mammalian cells for enzymic characterization. In addition, injected anti-sense oligonucleotides are being used to probe the function(s) of PKC-Z in embryogenesis.

Gorgon S et al. (2024) Cancer Res Commun "A drug discovery pipeline for MAPK/ERK pathway inhibitors in C. elegans."

Gorgon S, Hemmingsson O, Billing O, Eriksson AU

[Cancer Res Commun, 2024]

Oncogenic signaling through the MAPK/ERK pathway drives tumor progression in many cancers. While targeted MAPK/ERK pathway inhibitors improve survival in selected patients, most tumors are resistant. New drugs could be identified in small animal models that, unlike in vitro models, can address oral uptake, compound bioavailability and toxicity. This requires pharmacological conformity between human and model MAPK/ERK pathways, and available phenotypic assays. Here, we test if the conserved MAPK/ERK pathway in C. elegans could serve as a model for pharmacological inhibition and we develop in vivo pipelines for high throughput compound screens. Using fluorescence-based image analysis of vulva development as a readout for MAPK/ERK activity, we obtained excellent assay Z-scores for the MEK inhibitors trametinib (Z = 0.95), mirdametinib (Z = 0.93), and AZD8330 (Z = 0.87), as well as the ERK inhibitor temuterkib (Z = 0.86). The throughput was 800 wells per hour, with an average seed density of 25.5 animals per well. Readouts included drug efficacy, toxicity, and pathway specificity, which was tested against pathway activating upstream (lin-15)- and downstream (lin-1) mutants. To validate the model in a high throughput setting, we screened a blinded library of 433 anti-cancer compounds and identified four MEK inhibitors among seven positive hits. Our results highlight a high degree of pharmacological conformity between C. elegans and human MAPK/ERK pathways and the presented high-throughput pipeline may discover and characterize novel inhibitors in vivo.

Gilleard JS et al. (1995) International C. elegans Meeting "REGULATION OF THE CUTICULAR COLLAGEN GENE dpy-7"

Barry JD, Gilleard JS, Johnstone IL

[International C. elegans Meeting, 1995]

We are interested in identifying trans acting factors which control cuticular collagen gene expression. Sequences sufficient for regulated expression of dpy-7 appear to reside relatively close to the initiator ATG since the wild type gene only requires 310bp of 5' flanking sequence for transformation repair of phenotype. We have analysed sequences necessary and sufficient for dpy-7 expression using lac-Z fusions and we have identified a 95bp fragment, encompassing the transcritional start sites, which is sufficient to produce lac-Z expression predominantly, or possibly exclusively, in hypodermal cells. This fragment includes a region in which 65 out of 72bp are conserved in the 5' flank of the C.briggsae dpy-7 homolog and interspecies transformation rescue and lac-Z fusion experiments have shown that the dpy-7 cis regulatory elements are functionally conserved. A 15bp deletion at the 5' end of this homology which removes a AGATAA motif, also present in C.briggsae, completely ablates lac-Z expression . We are attempting to identify transcription factors which bind to this motif by South Western expression library screening. We are also searching for new C.elegans GATA factor homologs with a particular interest in any which are expressed in hypodermal cells postembryonically.

WB Derry et al. (1999) International C. elegans Meeting "Analysis of the C. elegans homolog of the FHIT tumor suppressor gene"

WB Derry, S van Kreeveld, JH Rothman

[International C. elegans Meeting, 1999]

Alterations in the FHIT gene occur frequently in the development of several human cancers (1). The Fhit protein is a diadenosine P 1 , P 3 -triphosphate hydrolase and is a member of the histidine triad superfamily of nucleotide binding proteins (2). The cellular mechanism of Fhit activity and the relationship between Fhit signaling and tumorigenesis are presently unknown. The C. elegans and Drosophila FHIT genes encode a fusion protein in which the Fhit domain is fused with a novel domain showing homology to bacterial and plant nitrilases, and are referred to as NitFhit (3). We are interested in understanding the role of NitFhit in development and programmed cell death. RNAi of C. elegans NitFhit causes an embryonic arrest phenotype, suggesting an essential role for this gene in development. We are currently analyzing the loss-of-function phenotype and the effect of ectopic NitFhit expression on viability and programmed cell death in the worm. (1) Huebner, K., Garrison, P.N., Barnes, L.D. & Croce, C.M. (1998). Ann. Rev. Genet ., 32 : 7-31. (2) Barnes, L.D., Garrison, P.N., Siprashvili, Z., Guranowski, A, Robinson, A.K., Ingram, S.W., Croce, C.M., Ohta, M. & Huebner, K. (1996). Biochemistry , 35 : 11529-11535. (3) Pekarsky, Y., Campiglio, M., Siprashvili, Z, Druck, T., Sedkov, Y, Tillib, S., Draganescu, A., Wermuth, P., Rothman, J.H., Huebner, K., Buchberg, A.M., Mazo, A., Brenner, C. & Croce, C.M. (1998). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 95 : 8744-8749.

Henderson JR et al. (2003) Cell Motil Cytoskeleton "ALP and MLP distribution during myofibrillogenesis in cultured cardiomyocytes."

Pomies P, Beckerle MC, Auffray C, Henderson JR

[Cell Motil Cytoskeleton, 2003]

The Z-line is a multifunctional macromolecular complex that anchors sarcomeric actin filaments, mediates interactions with intermediate filaments and costameres, and recruits signaling molecules. Antiparallel alpha-actinin homodimers, present at Z-lines, cross-link overlapping actin filaments and also bind other cytoskeletal and signaling elements. Two LIM domain containing proteins, alpha-actinin associated LIM protein (ALP) and muscle LIM protein (MLP), interact with alpha-actinin, distribute in vivo to Z-lines or costameres, respectively, and, when absent, are associated with heart disease. Here we describe the behavior of ALP and MLP during myofibrillogenesis in cultured embryonic chick cardiomyocytes. As myofibrils develop, ALP and MLP are observed in distinct distribution patterns in the cell. ALP is coincident with alpha-actinin from the first stage of myofibrillogenesis and co-distributes with alpha-actinin to Z-lines and intercalated discs in mature myofibrils. Interestingly, we also demonstrate using ALP-GFP transfection experiments and an in vitro binding assay that the ALP-alpha-actinin binding interaction is not required to target ALP to the Z-line. In contrast, MLP localization is not co-incident with that of alpha-actinin until late stages of myofibrillogenesis; however, it is present in premyofibrils and nascent myofibrils prior to the incorporation of other costameric components such as vinculin, vimentin, or desmin. Our observations support the view that ALP function is required specifically at actin anchorage sites. The subcellular distribution pattern of MLP during myofibrillogenesis suggests that it functions during differentiation prior to the establishment of costameres.