Preston S et al. (2017) FASEB J "Deguelin exerts potent nematocidal activity via the mitochondrial respiratory chain."

Sternberg PW, Ansell BRE, Andrews KT, Nowell C, Chang BCH, Hofmann A, Crawford S, Korhonen PK, Baell J, Gijs MAM, Fisher GM, Young ND, Preston S, Mouchiroud L, Gasser RB, Jabbar A, Auwerx J, Davis RA, McGee SL, Cornaglia M

[FASEB J, 2017]

As a result of limited classes of anthelmintics and an over-reliance on chemical control, there is a great need to discover new compounds to combat drug resistance in parasitic nematodes. Here, we show that deguelin, a plant-derived rotenoid, selectively and potently inhibits the motility and development of nematodes, which supports its potential as a lead candidate for drug development. Furthermore, we demonstrate that deguelin treatment significantly increases gene transcription that is associated with energy metabolism, particularly oxidative phosphorylation and mito-ribosomal protein production before inhibiting motility. Mitochondrial tracking confirmed enhanced oxidative phosphorylation. In accordance, real-time measurements of oxidative phosphorylation in response to deguelin treatment demonstrated an immediate decrease in oxygen consumption in both parasitic (Haemonchus contortus) and free-living (Caenorhabditis elegans) nematodes. Consequently, we hypothesize that deguelin is exerting its toxic effect on nematodes as a modulator of oxidative phosphorylation. This study highlights the dynamic biologic response of multicellular organisms to deguelin perturbation.-Preston, S., Korhonen, P. K., Mouchiroud, L., Cornaglia, M., McGee, S. L., Young, N. D., Davis, R. A., Crawford, S., Nowell, C., Ansell, B. R. E., Fisher, G. M., Andrews, K. T., Chang, B. C. H., Gijs, M. A. M., Sternberg, P. W., Auwerx, J., Baell, J., Hofmann, A., Jabbar, A., Gasser, R. B. Deguelin exerts potent nematocidal activity via the mitochondrial respiratory chain.

Zhao Y et al. (2007) BMC Genomics "Poly-G/poly-C tracts in the genomes of Caenorhabditis."

Zhao Y, O'Neil NJ, Rose AM

[BMC Genomics, 2007]

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: In the genome of Caenorhabditis elegans, homopolymeric poly-G/poly-C tracts (G/C tracts) exist at high frequency and are maintained by the activity of the DOG-1 protein. The frequency and distribution of G/C tracts in the genomes of C. elegans and the related nematode, C. briggsae were analyzed to investigate possible biological roles for G/C tracts. RESULTS: In C. elegans, G/C tracts are distributed along every chromosome in a non-random pattern. Most G/C tracts are within introns or are close to genes. Analysis of SAGE data showed that G/C tracts correlate with the levels of regional gene expression in C. elegans. G/C tracts are over-represented and dispersed across all chromosomes in another Caenorhabditis species, C. briggase. However, the positions and distribution of G/C tracts in C. briggsae differ from those in C. elegans. Furthermore, the C. briggsae dog-1 ortholog CBG19723 can rescue the mutator phenotype of C. elegans dog-1 mutants. CONCLUSIONS: The abundance and genomic distribution of G/C tracts in C. elegans, the effect of G/C tracts on regional transcription levels, and the lack of positional conservation of G/C tracts in C. briggsae suggest a role for G/C tracts in chromatin structure but not in the transcriptional regulation of specific genes.

Antika TR et al. (2023) J Biol Chem "Sequence-specific targeting of C. elegans C-Ala to the D-loop of tRNAAla."

Horng JC, Hsu HL, Nazilah KR, Wang CC, Wang TL, Wang SC, Antika TR, Chuang TH, Chrestella DJ, Wang SW, Tseng YK, Pan HC

[J Biol Chem, 2023]

Alanyl-tRNA synthetase (AlaRS) retains a conserved prototype structure throughout its biology. Nevertheless, its C-terminal domain (C-Ala) is highly diverged and has been shown to play a role in either tRNA or DNA binding. Interestingly, we discovered that Caenorhabditis elegans cytoplasmic C-Ala (Ce-C-Ala_c) robustly binds both ligands. How Ce-C-Ala_c targets its cognate tRNA and whether a similar feature is conserved in its mitochondrial counterpart remain elusive. We show that the N- and C-terminal subdomains of Ce-C-Ala_c are responsible for DNA and tRNA binding, respectively. Ce-C-Ala_c specifically recognized the conserved invariant base G¹⁸ in the D-loop of tRNA^Ala through a highly conserved lysine residue, K934. Despite bearing little resemblance to other C-Ala domains, C. elegans mitochondrial C-Ala (Ce-C-Ala_m) robustly bound both tRNA^Ala and DNA and maintained targeting specificity for the D-loop of its cognate tRNA. This study uncovers the underlying mechanism of how C. elegans C-Ala specifically targets the D-loop of tRNA^Ala.

Guven K (1995) Journal of Thermal Biology "Differential expression of hsp70 proteins in response to heat and cadmium in Caenorhabditis elegans."

Guven K

[Journal of Thermal Biology, 1995]

1. The patterns of HSP70 expression induced in Caenorhabditis elegans by mild (31 degrees C) or severe (34 degrees C) heat shock, and by cadmium ions at 31 degrees C, have been compared with those expressed constitutively ill 20 degrees C controls by 1- and a-dimensional immunoblotting. 2. The 2D spot patterns become more complex with increasing severity of stress (34 degrees C > 31 degrees C + Cd > 31 degrees C > 20 degrees C). 3. A stress-inducible transgene construct is minimally active at 31 degrees C, but is abundantly expressed in the presence of cadmium or at 34 degrees C. 4. Differing degrees or types of stress may differentially induce available hsp70

Xu J et al. (2018) J Nanosci Nanotechnol "Carbon Quantum Dots as Fluorescent Probes for Imaging and Detecting Free Radicals in C. elegans."

Wang Q, Guan S, Wang L, Wang M, Zhang Y, Mu Y, Xu J, Wang K, Li J

[J Nanosci Nanotechnol, 2018]

Uniform and hydrophilic carbon quantum dots (C-QDs) were synthesized by calcination and NaOH treatment from an organo-templated zeolite precursor. The color of luminescence was determined by the concentration of C-QDs. These variable-color C-QDs were applied for the first time in the imaging of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) as a model organism. The effects of C-QDs and possible behavioral changes in C. elegans were evaluated under treatment conditions. We could clearly observe distribution of C-QDs in C. elegans from the fluorescence images. Furthermore, we observed significant and detectable fluorescence quenching of the C-QDs by free radicals in C. elegans. Our work affirms that C-QDs can be developed as imaging probes and as potential fluorescent quantitative probes for detecting free radicals.

Lu L et al. (2021) Mol Immunol "Whole transcriptome analysis of schinifoline treatment in Caenorhabditis elegans infected with Candida albicans."

Shu C, Ma S, Li S, Li Z, Shan C, Chen G, Lu L, Nie W, Wang H

[Mol Immunol, 2021]

Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal human pathogen that has been causing an increasing number of deaths each year. Due to the widespread use of broad-spectrum antibiotics and immunosuppressants, C. albicans resistance to these therapies has increased. Thus, natural plant inhibitors are being investigated for treating C. albicans infections. Schinifoline is a 4-quinolinone alkaloid with antibacterial, insecticidal, antitumor, and other biological activities. Here, we explored the effects of schinifoline on C. albicans in C. elegans and extracted RNA from uninfected C. elegans, C. elegans infected with C. albicans, and C. elegans infected with C. albicans and treated with 100 mg/l schinifoline. Our results showed that there were significant differences among the three groups. The GO and KEGG pathway analysis suggested that the pathogenicity of C. albicans to C. elegans was caused by abnormal protein function. Schinifoline regulates lysosomal pathway related genes that accelerate the metabolism and degradation of abnormal proteins, thereby inhibiting the negative effects of C. albicans in vivo. These findings advance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying schinifoline inhibition of C. albicans.

Wang BB et al. (1993) Cell "A homeotic gene cluster patterns the anteroposterior body axis of C. elegans."

Wang BB, Kenyon CJ, Robinson NT, Chisholm AD, Austin JA, Mueller-Immergluck MM

[Cell, 1993]

In insects and vertebrates, clusters of Antennapedia class homeobox (HOM-C) genes specify anteroposterior body pattern. The nematode C. elegans also contains a small cluster of HOM-C genes, one of which has been shown to specify positional identity. Here we show that two additional C. elegans HOM-C genes also specify positional identity and that together these three HOM-C genes function along the anteroposterior axis in the same order as their homologs in other organisms. Thus, HOM-C-based pattern formation has been conserved in nematodes despite the many differences in morphology and embryology that distinguish them from other phyla. Each C. elegans HOM-C gene is responsible for a distinct body region; however, where their domains overlap, two HOM-C genes can act together to specify the fates of individual cells.

Kitisin T et al. (2022) New Microbiol "Regulation of DAF-16-mediated longevity and immune response to Candida albicans infection in Caenorhabditis elegans."

Kitisin T, Sukphopetch P, Muangkaew W

[New Microbiol, 2022]

Candida albicans can cause infections ranging from superficial skin infections to life-threateningsystemic infections in immunocompromised hosts. Although several C. albicans virulence factorsare widely discussed in great detail, intrinsic host determinants that are critical for C. albicanspathogenesis remain less interested and poorly understood. In view of this, a model of Caenorhabditiselegans was used to study host longevity and immunity in response to C. albicans pathogenesis.The influence of C. albicans in pathological and survival aspects was evaluated using C. elegans.C. albicans hyphal formation in different C. elegans genetic backgrounds was evaluated. Moreover,several C. elegans fluorescent proteins as gene expression markers upon C. albicans infectionswere evaluated. C. albicans is pathogenic to C. elegans and reduces the lifespan of C. elegans inassociation with repression of the insulin/IGF-1-like signaling (IIS) pathway. Moreover, repressionof DAF-16/forkhead transcription factor increases aggressiveness of C. albicans by enhancing hyphalformation. In addition, infection of C. albicans increases lipofuscin accumulation, promotes DAF-16nuclear translocation, increases superoxide dismutase (SOD-3) expression, which coordinately linksbetween aging and innate immunity. Thus, we demonstrate here the strategy to utilize C. elegans asa model host to elucidate host genetic determinants that provide insights into the pathogenesis ofC. albicans infections.

Li R et al. (2015) Mitochondrial DNA "Mitochondrial genome of Caenorhabditis nigoni (Rhabditida: Rhabditidae)."

Bi Y, Zhao Z, Ren X, Li R

[Mitochondrial DNA, 2015]

Abstract To facilitate comparative genomic study in the Caenorhabditis species, the mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of a nematode species Caenorhabditis nigoni (previous name: Caenorhabditis sp. 9) was generated using next-generation sequencing. The mitogenome length is 13,413bp, containing 12 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 2 ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs) and 2 non-coding regions (NCR). The genome organization and nucleotide composition is very similar to that of the mitogenome of C. elegans and C. briggsae. Mitogenome of C. nigoni shows higher sequence similarity to C. briggsae than to C. elegans, which is consistent with the fact that C. nigoni is a sister species of C. briggsae. However, as in C. elegans, two NCRs present in the mitogenome of C. briggsae are missing in C. nigoni. The mitogenome sequence of C. nigoni plays an important role in further studies of phylogenetics, population genetics and evolutionary genetics in nematode species.

Baird SE (2002) Genetics "Haldane's rule by sexual transformation in Caenorhabditis."

Baird SE

[Genetics, 2002]

Haldane's rule in C. briggsae x C. remanei broods was caused by sexual transformation; XX and XO hybrids were female. C. briggsae and C. remanei variants that partially suppress hybrid sexual transformation were identified. Effects of variant strains were cumulative. Hence, aberrant sex determination is a reproductive isolation mechanism in Caenorhabditis.