BC Prasad et al. (1999) International C. elegans Meeting "The unc-3 locus encodes an O/E transcription factor, CeO/E, which is required for axonal guidance and chemosensory function."

BC Prasad, RR Reed

[International C. elegans Meeting, 1999]

The O/E family of rHLH transcription factors has been implicated in neurogenesis, axonal pathfinding, muscle formation and B cell maturation. The murine O/E proteins are expressed transiently in the developing CNS and PNS during times of axonogenesis and are expressed in olfactory neurons throughout development where they may regulate components of the olfactory signaling cascade. We have identified a C. elegans O/E homologue (CeO/E) that is encoded by the unc-3 locus. Unc-3 mutants display an uncoordinated phenotype attributed to a severe defasiculation and miswiring of the ventral cord (VNC). Using a GFP fusion to the unc-3 promoter and specific antibodies, we observed that CeO/E is expressed transiently in the excitatory VNC motor neurons and throughout development in a pair of chemosensory neurons (ASI amphid neurons). Several observations suggest that the protein may have distinct roles in the two cell types. Although the axonal and dendritic projections of the ASI appear to be normal when labeled with DiI, unc-3 mutants enter the dauer pathway under inappropriate conditions. Although CeO/E possesses highly conserved domains associated with DNA binding in the mammalian homologue, identification of DNA binding sites for the C. elegans protein has not been achieved. We have shown that CeO/E protein can homodimerize in vitro, although the DNA binding specificity of CeO/E is distinct from the mammalian O/E proteins. Several unc-3 target genes ( daf-7, unc-17/cha-1, unc-4 ) have been identified by other laboratories and each contains a mammalian binding site in the promoter region. Remarkably, we have been unable to demonstrate CeO/E binding at these sites. We are generating chimeras of O/E-1 and CeO/E to understand the DNA binding specificity of the CeO/E protein and utilizing a yeast-2-hybrid screen with both O/E-1 and CeO/E to identify interacting proteins in C. elegans . These studies should reveal the mechanism of CeO/E transcriptional activation and target gene regulation.

Shaulov Y et al. (2018) PLoS Pathog "Escherichia coli mediated resistance of Entamoeba histolytica to oxidative stress is triggered by oxaloacetate."

Shaulov Y, Lamm AT, Ankri S, Trebicz-Geffen M, Weiss-Cerem L, Hisaeda H, Methling K, Lalk M, Nagaraja S, Shimokawa C

[PLoS Pathog, 2018]

Amebiasis, a global intestinal parasitic disease, is due to Entamoeba histolytica. This parasite, which feeds on bacteria in the large intestine of its human host, can trigger a strong inflammatory response upon invasion of the colonic mucosa. Whereas information about the mechanisms which are used by the parasite to cope with oxidative and nitrosative stresses during infection is available, knowledge about the contribution of bacteria to these mechanisms is lacking. In a recent study, we demonstrated that enteropathogenic Escherichia coli O55 protects E. histolytica against oxidative stress. Resin-assisted capture (RAC) of oxidized (OX) proteins coupled to mass spectrometry (OX-RAC) was used to investigate the oxidation status of cysteine residues in proteins present in E. histolytica trophozoites incubated with live or heat-killed E. coli O55 and then exposed to H2O2-mediated oxidative stress. We found that the redox proteome of E. histolytica exposed to heat-killed E. coli O55 is enriched with proteins involved in redox homeostasis, lipid metabolism, small molecule metabolism, carbohydrate derivative metabolism, and organonitrogen compound biosynthesis. In contrast, we found that proteins associated with redox homeostasis were the only OX-proteins that were enriched in E. histolytica trophozoites which were incubated with live E. coli O55. These data indicate that E. coli has a profound impact on the redox proteome of E. histolytica. Unexpectedly, some E. coli proteins were also co-identified with E. histolytica proteins by OX-RAC. We demonstrated that one of these proteins, E. coli malate dehydrogenase (EcMDH) and its product, oxaloacetate, are key elements of E. coli-mediated resistance of E. histolytica to oxidative stress and that oxaloacetate helps the parasite survive in the large intestine. We also provide evidence that the protective effect of oxaloacetate against oxidative stress extends to Caenorhabditis elegans.

Ye H et al. (2008) Neurobiol Learn Mem "Trace administration of vitamin E can retrieve and prevent UV-irradiation- and metal exposure-induced memory deficits in nematode Caenorhabditis elegans."

Ye B, Ye H, Wang D

[Neurobiol Learn Mem, 2008]

Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol), a lipid-soluble anti-oxidant, prevents the uncontrolled propagation of lipid peroxidation by free radicals. Nevertheless, there is weak or no evidence of a protective effect of previous vitamin E intake on cognitive function in humans. In the present study, we explored the thermosensation model to investigate the possible effects of vitamin E administration on memory behaviors in Caenorhabditis elegans. Administration of 100 and 200mug/mL of vitamin E had no significant effects on the memory for different time intervals, whereas relatively high concentration (400mug/mL) of vitamin E exposure shortened the extinction period of the association paradigm (food at 20 degrees C). Following the UV-irradiation, post-treatment with 200mug/mL of vitamin E not only retrieved the UV-irradiation-induced memory deficits, but also enhanced the memory functions in UV-irradiating animals. Post-treatment with trace vitamin E could also ameliorate the memory deficits in metal (Al or Pb) exposed worms. In addition, pre-treatment with 200mug/mL of vitamin E could effectively prevent the occurrence of memory deficits induced by metal exposure and UV-irradiation. Therefore, the close association may exist between trace dietary vitamin E intake and memory behaviors, and a specific response mechanism may be activated after the administration of vitamin E in stress-exposed animals. Moreover, treatment with 200mug/mL of vitamin E could restore the memory deficits formed in the ncs-1 mutant worms, suggesting that exogenous treatment with trace vitamin E can largely mimic the function of NCS-1 in regulating the memory for thermosensation.

Saiki R et al. (2008) Aging Cell "Altered bacterial metabolism, not coenzyme Q content, is responsible for the lifespan extension in Caenorhabditis elegans fed an Escherichia coli diet lacking coenzyme Q."

Saiki R, Clarke CF, Furukawa S, Larsen PL, Bixler T, Lunceford AL, Lee W, Dang P

[Aging Cell, 2008]

Coenzyme Qn is a fully substituted benzoquinone containing a polyisoprene tail of distinct numbers (n) of isoprene groups. C. elegans fed E. coli devoid of Q(8) have a significant life span extension when compared to C. elegans fed a standard "Q-replete"E. coli diet. Here we examine possible mechanisms for the life span extension caused by the Q-less E. coli diet. A bioassay for Q uptake shows that a water-soluble formulation of Q(10) is effectively taken up by both clk-1 mutant and wild-type nematodes, but does not reverse life span extension mediated by the Q-less E. coli diet, indicating that life span extension is not due to the absence of dietary Q per se. The enhanced longevity mediated by the Q-less E. coli diet cannot be attributed to dietary restriction, different Qn isoforms, reduced pathogenesis or slowed growth of the Q-less E. coli, and in fact requires E. coli viability. Q-less E. coli have defects in respiratory metabolism. C. elegans fed Q-replete E. coli mutants with similarly impaired respiratory metabolism due to defects in complex V also show a pronounced life span extension, although not as dramatic as those fed the respiratory deficient Q-less E. coli diet. The data suggest that feeding respiratory incompetent E. coli, whether Q-less or Q-replete, produces a robust life extension in wild-type C. elegans. We believe the fermentation-based metabolism of the E. coli diet is an important parameter of C. elegans longevity.

Lee JH et al. (2014) Phytomedicine "Coumarins reduce biofilm formation and the virulence of Escherichia coli O157:H7."

Cho HS, Lee JH, Kim YG, Ryu SY, Lee J, Cho MH

[Phytomedicine, 2014]

E. coli O157:H7 is the most common cause of hemorrhagic colitis, and no effective therapy exists for E. coli O157:H7 infection. Biofilm formation is closely related to E. coli O157:H7 infection and constitutes a mechanism of antimicrobial resistance. Hence, the antibiofilm or antivirulence approach provides an alternative to antibiotic strategies. Coumarin and its derivatives have a broad range of biological effects, and in this study, the antibiofilm activities of nine coumarins were investigated against E. coli O157:H7. Coumarin or umbelliferone at 50g/ml was found to inhibit biofilm E. coli O157:H7 formation by more than 80% without affecting bacterial growth. Transcriptional analysis showed that coumarins repressed curli genes and motility genes in E. coli O157:H7, and these findings were in-line with observed reductions in fimbriae production, swarming motility, and biofilm formation. In addition, esculetin repressed Shiga-like toxin gene stx2 in E. coli O157:H7 and attenuated its virulence in vivo in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. These findings show that coumarins have potential use in antivirulence strategies against persistent E. coli O157:H7 infection.

Jay Z Parrish et al. (2001) International C. elegans Meeting "A Genetic Pathway Involved In Apoptotic DNA Degradation In Nematodes"

Jay Z Parrish, Duncan A Ledwich, Helen E Metters, Hye-Seong Park, Kristina Klotz, Ding Xue

[International C. elegans Meeting, 2001]

Programmed cell death (apoptosis) is a tightly regulated cell disassembly process, which includes shrinkage and fragmentation of both dying cells and their nuclei as well as fragmentation of chromosomal DNA into internucleosomal repeats, a biochemical hallmark of apoptosis. The execution of these systematic and orderly cell disassembly processes is regulated by apoptotic caspases, which trigger these events by cleaving critical protease targets, most of which remain to be identified. To identify genetic components that act downstream of, or in parallel to, the C. elegans caspase CED-3, we have designed and carried out a sensitized GFP-based genetic screen to isolate suppressors of a constitutively activated CED-3 mutant (Ledwich et al., 1999) . Using this screen we have isolated 64 suppressor mutations which define at least 8 new cell death genes, which we named cps genes ( C ED-3 p rotease s uppressors). Further genetic and phenotypic analyses of cps mutants indicate that loss-of-function mutations in cps genes result in either a partial suppression of programmed cell death ( cps-1, 2 ) or a delay in the timing of programmed cell death ( cps-3 to cps-8 ). We have focused on studying the possible role of the cps genes in the apoptotic DNA degradation pathway in C. elegans . Using the TUNEL assay which labels 3-OH DNA breaks generated during apoptosis (Wu et al., 2000) , we found that mutations in four cps genes result in accumulation of TUNEL-positive staining in mutant embryos, indicating that these mutants are defective in resolving TUNEL-positive DNA ends. Further genetic analysis indicates that these four genes are likely to function in the same apoptotic DNA degradation pathway. We have characterized one of these genes, cps-6 , in detail and have found that it encodes a specific C. elegans mitochondrial endonuclease, whose role in apoptosis appears to be evolutionarily conserved. CPS-6 is thus the first mitochondrial protein identified to be directly involved in programmed cell death in C. elegans , underscoring the conserved and important role of mitochondria in the execution of apoptosis. Our studies also provide the first genetic evidence that the apoptotic DNA fragmentation process is important for proper progression of apoptosis. We are now investigating how CPS-6 is released from mitochondria and activated during apoptosis to mediate the nuclear DNA fragmentation process. We are also examining how the activity of cps-6 is regulated by other cps genes or by previously identified cell death genes. Finally, we are in the process of cloning three other cps genes in the same pathway to further understand their roles and functions in mediating apoptotic DNA degradation. These studies should reveal the molecular and biochemical mechanisms that regulate the apoptotic DNA fragmentation process in C. elegans and in general. Ledwich, D., et al. (1999). Identification and Characterization of Downstream Targets of the Cell-Death Protease CED-3. 12th International C. elegans Meeting, 112. Wu, Y. C., et al. (2000). NUC-1, a caenorhabditis elegans DNase II homolog, functions in an intermediate step of DNA degradation during apoptosis. Genes Dev 14 , 536-48.

Bartolini F et al. (2005) J Cell Sci "Identification of a novel tubulin-destabilizing protein related to the chaperone cofactor E."

Cassimeris L, Tian G, Piehl M, Bartolini F, Cowan NJ, Lewis SA

[J Cell Sci, 2005]

Factors that regulate the microtubule cytoskeleton are critical in determining cell behavior. Here we describe the function of a novel protein that we term E-like based on its sequence similarity to the tubulin-specific chaperone cofactor E. We find that upon overexpression, E-like depolymerizes microtubules by committing tubulin to proteosomal degradation. Our data suggest that this function is direct and is based on the ability of E-like to disrupt the tubulin heterodimer in vitro. Suppression of E-like expression results in an increase in the number of stable microtubules and a tight clustering of endocellular membranes around the microtubule-organizing center, while the properties of dynamic microtubules are unaffected. These observations define E-like as a novel regulator of tubulin stability, and provide a link between tubulin turnover and vesicle transport.

Yuen, Grace J. et al. (2013) International Worm Meeting "Enterococcus infection of C. elegans as a model of innate immunity."

Yuen, Grace J., Ausubel, Frederick M.

[International Worm Meeting, 2013]

Enterococcus is a Gram-positive commensal that is also an important opportunistic pathogen. Most human enterococcal infections are caused by either E. faecalis or E. faecium. Our laboratory has modeled Enterococcus infection in C. elegans using both species. We have previously shown that infection with either species leads to gut distention, but only E. faecalis is able to establish a persistent and lethal infection in the nematode. We now provide evidence that at least three canonical C. elegans immune signaling pathways are important for survival during infection with E. faecalis and E. faecium. While the lifespan of wild-type worms is unaffected by E. faecium infection, mutations in the PMK-1, FSHR-1, and BAR-1 immune signaling pathways lead to an immunocompromised phenotype. This new finding suggests that an active host response is required to keep E. faecium infection "in check" in the worm intestine. To further characterize the C. elegans host response to Enterococcus infections, we used genome-wide transcriptional profiling of nematodes feeding on E. faecalis and E. faecium, as well as two controls, heat-killed E. coli and live Bacillus subtilis, a non-pathogenic Gram-positive. We found that relative to B. subtilis, E. faecalis and E. faecium caused the upregulation of 249 and 166 genes, respectively, of which 105 genes were common to both, comprising the Enterococcus gene signature. Shared by both Enterococcus infection signatures were genes relating to oxidation/reduction, acyl-CoA dehydrogenase/oxidase activity, fatty acid metabolism, and C-type lectins. Additionally, the Enterococcus infection gene signature is fairly distinct from the P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and C. albicans infection signatures. Furthermore, of the 91 genes that are upregulated in E. faecalis (more virulent) relative to E. faecium (less virulent), 22 are shared with the 77 genes upregulated in worms infected with virulent Microbacterium nematophilum relative to avirulent M. nematophilum (O'Rourke et al., 2006), suggesting that these genes may comprise a "virulence response signature." Studies are underway in understanding the biology of Enterococcus infection in C. elegans and identifying novel Enterococcus-activated pathways.

Kaushal NA et al. (1982) J Immunol "Identification and characterization of excretory-secretory products of Brugia malayi, adult filarial parasites."

Kaushal NA, Ottesen EA, Nash TE, Hussain R

[J Immunol, 1982]

Although E-S antigens may be particularly important for both the pathogenesis and immunodiagnosis of helminth infections, little is known about the immunochemistry or functional roles in human filarial infections. In the present paper, we have done some initial identification and characterization of E-S products of adult Brugia malayi by employing a combination of sensitive biochemical and immunochemical techniques. E-S products, collected by incubating B. malayi adults in vitro in a defined protein-free medium, were radiolabeled with 125I. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and autoradiography of labeled E-S products revealed 11 protein bands in the m.w. range of 10,000 to 70,000. Comparison of radiolabeled E-S products and adult somatic antigen (B.m.A) in SDS-PAGE indicated many common bands, and crossed immunoelectrophoresis and competitive Staph-A RIA confirmed the presence of most E-S antigens in B.m.A. Of the 11 E-S bands, two appeared to be derived from the surface of the adult worms and microfilariae as shown by SDS-PAGE and autoradiography of lodogen surface-labeled parasites; the presence of two host proteins in E-S was detected by crossed-line immunoelectrophoresis. The E-S antigens were highly immunogenic when tested both with rabbit antiserum raised against B.m.A and with a serum pool of patients with natural filarial infection.

Zuckerman BM et al. (1983) Age "Effects of vitamin E on the nematode C. elegans."

Zuckerman BM, Geist MA

[Age, 1983]

Vitamin E at 200 ug/ml significantly extended the mean lifespan and extended maximum lifespan of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans when supplied early in the prereproductive stage. At this concentration, vitamin E increased growth, but did not affect fecundity or the length of the reproductive period. The vitamin E effect was not passed from the parents to the progeny. Evaluations of the effects of vitamin E on lipofuscin accumulation were inconclusive. The results are compared to previous studies on C. briggsae and Turbatrix aceti.