[
1993]
In the past 10 years, the remarkable discovery has been made that molecular mechanisms of development are conserved among all animals, and that many of the same molecular components appear in signal transduction pathways of all eukaryotes from yeast to man. This mechanistic conservation means that molecules can be studied in the organism in which their properties are most transparent; general principles or specific predictions made from work in one organism can subsequently be explored in other organisms. This chapter reviews aspects of nervous system development that have been studied using genetic approaches in two simple invertebrates, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster (herein referred to as Drosophila) and the soil nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). The nervous systems of both of these organisms are extremely simple compared to those of mammals....
[
WormBook,
2016]
In C. elegans, mutants that are defective in muscle function and/or structure are easy to detect and analyze since: 1) body wall muscle is essential for locomotion, and 2) muscle structure can be assessed by multiple methods including polarized light, electron microscopy (EM), Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) tagged proteins, and immunofluorescence microscopy. The overall structure of the sarcomere, the fundamental unit of contraction, is conserved from C. elegans to man, and the molecules involved in sarcomere assembly, maintenance, and regulation of muscle contraction are also largely conserved. This review reports the latest findings on the following topics: the transcriptional network that regulates muscle differentiation, identification/function/dynamics of muscle attachment site proteins, regulation of the assembly and maintenance of the sarcomere by chaperones and proteases, the role of muscle-specific giant protein kinases in sarcomere assembly, and the regulation of contractile activity, and new insights into the functions of the dystrophin glycoprotein complex.