[
Chem Soc Rev,
2009]
On December 10, 2008 Osamu Shimomura, Martin Chalfie and Roger Tsien were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for "the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP". The path taken by this jellyfish protein to become one of the most useful tools in modern science and medicine is described. Osamu Shimomura painstakingly isolated GFP from hundreds of thousands of jellyfish, characterized the chromophore and elucidated the mechanism of Aequorean bioluminescence. Martin Chalfie expressed the protein in E. coli and C. elegans, and Roger Tsien developed a palette of fluorescent proteins that could be used in a myriad of applications.
Neil, Sarah, Wang, Tina, Cheung, Rene, Maydan, Jason, Vishwanathan, Malani, Mitani, Shohei, Gengyo-Ando, Keiko, Raymant, Greta, Moulder, Gary, Pritchett, Cherilyn, Imae, Rieko, Perkins, Jaryn, Gilchrist, Erin, Holmes, Jeff, Hunt-Newbury, Rebecca, Yoshina, Sawako, Edgley, Mark, Miller, Angela, Shen, Bin, Lorch, Adam, Chaudhry, Iasha, Hunt, Rebecca Worsley, Fisher, Angela, Adair, Ryan, Rezania, Nadereh, Fernando, Lisa, Frazee, Stephen, Dadivas, Owen, Rummage, John, Tardif, Angela, The C. elegans Deletion Mutant Consortium, Mckay, Sheldon, Lau, Joanne, Hori, Sayaka, Mullen, Greg, Suehiro, Yuji, Liu, Lucy, Funatsu, Osamu, Allan, BJ, Kobuna, Hiroyuki, Zapf, Rick, Rankin, Anna, Taylor, Jon, Osborn, Jamie, Au, Vinci, Jerebie, Daniela, Veiga, Mariana, Rogula, Alexandra, Kwitkowski, Christine, Luck, Candy, Henthorn, Diane, Hay, Allison, Landsdale, Martin, Lee, Norris, Motohashi, Tomoko, Partridge, Mikhaela, Cobb, Beth, Flibotte, Stephane, Stegeman, Greg, Stokes, Ed, Machiyama, Etsuko, Moerman, Donald, Navaroli, Candice, Kage-Nakadai, Eriko, Eng, Simon, Robertson, James, Barstead, Robert, Huang, Peter, Otori, Muneyoshi
[
G3 (Bethesda),
2012]
The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is a powerful model system to study contemporary biological problems. This system would be even more useful if we had mutations in all the genes of this multicellular metazoan. The combined efforts of the C. elegans Deletion Mutant Consortium and individuals within the worm community are moving us ever closer to this goal. At present, of the 20,377 protein-coding genes in this organism, 6764 genes with associated molecular lesions are either deletions or null mutations (WormBase WS220). Our three laboratories have contributed the majority of mutated genes, 6841 mutations in 6013 genes. The principal method we used to detect deletion mutations in the nematode utilizes polymerase chain reaction (PCR). More recently, we have used array comparative genome hybridization (aCGH) to detect deletions across the entire coding part of the genome and massively parallel short-read sequencing to identify nonsense, splicing, and missense defects in open reading frames. As deletion strains can be frozen and then thawed when needed, these strains will be an enduring community resource. Our combined molecular screening strategies have improved the overall throughput of our gene-knockout facilities and have broadened the types of mutations that we and others can identify. These multiple strategies should enable us to eventually identify a mutation in every gene in this multicellular organism. This knowledge will usher in a new age of metazoan genetics in which the contribution to any biological process can be assessed for all genes.