Cohen E et al. (2012) J Exp Biol "Locomotion analysis identifies roles of mechanosensory neurons in governing locomotion dynamics of C. elegans."

Schafer W, Feitelson DG, Cohen E, Yemini E, Treinin M

[J Exp Biol, 2012]

The simple and well-characterized nervous system of C. elegans facilitates the analysis of mechanisms controlling behavior. Locomotion is a major behavioral output governed by multiple external and internal signals. Here, we examined the roles of low- and high-threshold mechanosensors in locomotion, using high-resolution and detailed analysis of locomotion and its dynamics. This analysis revealed a new role for touch receptor neurons in suppressing an intrinsic direction bias of locomotion. We also examined the response to noxious mechanical stimuli, which was found to involve several locomotion properties and to last several minutes. Effects on different locomotion properties have different half-lives and depend on different, partly overlapping sets of sensory neurons. PVD and FLP, high-threshold mechanosensors, play a major role in some of these responses. Overall, our results demonstrate the power of detailed, prolonged and high-resolution analysis of locomotion and locomotion dynamics in enabling better understanding of gene and neuron function.

Cohen M et al. (2002) J Struct Biol "Transmission electron microscope studies of the nuclear envelope in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos."

Neufeld E, Wilson KL, Tzur YB, Feinstein N, Gruenbaum Y, Delannoy MR, Cohen M

[J Struct Biol, 2002]

Nuclear membranes and nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) are conserved in both animals and plants. However, the lamina composition and the dimensions of NPCs vary between plants, yeast, and vertebrates. In this study, we established a protocol that preserves the structure of Caenorhabditis elegans embryonic cells for high-resolution studies with thin-section transmission electron microscopy (TEM). We show that the NPCs are bigger in C. elegans embryos than in yeast, with dimensions similar to those in higher eukaryotes. We also localized the C elegans nuclear envelope proteins Ce-lamin and Ce-emerin by pre-embedding gold labeling immunoelectron microscopy. Both proteins are present at or near the inner nuclear membrane. A fraction of Ce-lamin, but not Ce-emerin, is present in the nuclear interior. Removing the nuclear membranes leaves both Ce-lamin and Ce-emerin associated with the chromatin. Eliminating the single lamin protein caused cell death as visualized by characteristic changes in nuclear architecture including condensation of chromatin, clustering of NPCs, membrane blebbing, and the presence of vesicles inside the nucleus. Taken together, these results show evolutionarily conserved protein localization, interactions, and functions of the C. elegans nuclear

Iwanir S et al. (2019) Nat Commun "Addendum: Irrational behavior in C. elegans arises from asymmetric modulatory effects within single sensory neurons."

Itskovits E, Ruach R, Bokman E, Iwanir S, Pritz CO, Zaslaver A

[Nat Commun, 2019]

We would like to make our readers aware of the publication by Cohen et al., which reports irrational behaviour in C. elegans olfactory preference[1] . These complementary studies establish C. elegans as a model system to explore the neural mechanisms of decision making.

McGhee JD (1987) Biochemistry "Purification and characterization of a carboxylesterase from the intestine of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans."

McGhee JD

[Biochemistry, 1987]

The major intestinal esterase from the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has been purified to essential homogeneity. Starting from whole worms, the overall purification is 9000-fold with a 10% recovery of activity. The esterase is a single polypeptide chain of Mr 60,000 and is stoichiometrically inhibited by organophosphates. Substrate preferences and inhibition patterns classify the enzyme as a carboxylesterase (EC 3.1.1.1), but the physiological function is unknown. The sequence of 13 amino acid residues at the esterase N- terminus has been determined. This partial sequence shows a surprisingly high degree of similarity to the N-terminal sequence of two carboxylesterases recently isolated from Drosophila mojavensis [Pen, J., van Beeumen, J., & Beintema, J. J. (1986) Biochem. J. 238, 691-699].

Cohen Ben-Ami H et al. (2005) J Biol Chem "RIC-3 affects properties and quantity of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors via a mechanism that does not require the coiled-coil domains."

Treinin M, Cohen Ben-Ami H, Yassin L, Michaeli A, Eshel M, Farah H

[J Biol Chem, 2005]

Members of the RIC-3 gene family are effectors of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) expression in vertebrates and invertebrates. In Caenorhabditis elegans RIC-3 is needed for functional expression of multiple nAChRs, including the DEG-3/DES-2 nAChR. Effects of RIC-3 on DEG-3/DES-2 functional expression are found in vivo and following heterologous expression in Xenopus leavis oocytes. We now show that in X. leavis oocytes RIC-3 also affects the kinetics and agonist affinity properties of the DEG-3/DES-2 receptor. Because these effects are mimicked by increasing the ratio of DEG-3 subunits within DEG-3/DES-2 receptors, this suggests that RIC-3 may preferentially promote maturation of DEG-3-rich receptors. Indeed, effects of RIC-3 on functional expression of DEG-3/DES-2 positively correlate with the DEG-3 to DES-2 ratio. All RIC-3 family members have two transmembrane domains followed by one or two coiled-coil domains. Here we show that the effects of RIC-3 on functional expression and on receptor properties are mediated by the transmembrane domains and do not require the coiled-coil domains. In agreement with this, mammals express a RIC-3 transcript lacking the coiled-coil domain that is capable of promoting DEG-3/DES-2 functional expression. Last, we show that RIC-3 affects DEG-3 quantity, suggesting stabilization of receptors or receptor intermediates by RIC-3. Together our results suggest that subunit-specific interactions of RIC-3 with nAChR subunits, mediated by the transmembrane domains, are sufficient for the effects of RIC-3 on nAChR quantity and quality.

Nillegoda NB et al. (2015) Nature "Crucial HSP70 co-chaperone complex unlocks metazoan protein disaggregation."

Berynskyy M, Morimoto RI, Bukau B, Stengel F, Kirstein J, Szlachcic A, Arnsburg K, Stank A, Scior A, Nillegoda NB, Gao X, Guilbride DL, Aebersold R, Wade RC, Mayer MP

[Nature, 2015]

Protein aggregates are the hallmark of stressed and ageing cells, and characterize several pathophysiological states. Healthy metazoan cells effectively eliminate intracellular protein aggregates, indicating that efficient disaggregation and/or degradation mechanisms exist. However, metazoans lack the key heat-shock protein disaggregase HSP100 of non-metazoan HSP70-dependent protein disaggregation systems, and the human HSP70 system alone, even with the crucial HSP110 nucleotide exchange factor, has poor disaggregation activity in vitro. This unresolved conundrum is central to protein quality control biology. Here we show that synergic cooperation between complexed J-protein co-chaperones of classes A and B unleashes highly efficient protein disaggregation activity in human and nematode HSP70 systems. Metazoan mixed-class J-protein complexes are transient, involve complementary charged regions conserved in the J-domains and carboxy-terminal domains of each J-protein class, and are flexible with respect to subunit composition. Complex formation allows J-proteins to initiate transient higher order chaperone structures involving HSP70 and interacting nucleotide exchange factors. A network of cooperative class A and B J-protein interactions therefore provides the metazoan HSP70 machinery with powerful, flexible, and finely regulatable disaggregase activity and a further level of regulation crucial for cellular protein quality control.

Dreyfus DH et al. (1999) Mol Immunol "Comparative analysis of invertebrate Tc6 sequences that resemble the vertebrate V(D)J recombination signal sequences (RSS)."

Gelfand EW, Dreyfus DH

[Mol Immunol, 1999]

Invertebrate cells lack the p53 recombination checkpoint but contain mobile DNA sequences that transpose by a mechanism in part shared with excision of the V(D)J recombination signal sequences (RSS). In this work, inversion, deletion, and duplication of sequences associated with an invertebrate C. elegans Tc6 element is described. The structure of this C. elegans sequence and other dispersed Tc6 elements suggests that covalently closed 'hairpin' structures are not unique to excision of the V(D)J RSS by the RAG proteins, but rather can be generated by transposases at transposon termini leading to characteristic inversion and duplication events. Comparative analysis of recombination events at invertebrate sequences resembling the vertebrate V(D)J RSS may be useful in understanding V(D)J recombination-mediated recombination events in malignant vertebrate cells or genetic diseases such as ataxia telangectasia, in which the p53 recombination checkpoint is defective.

Samoylenko V et al. (2008) Phytother Res "Antiparasitic, nematicidal and antifouling constituents from Juniperus berries."

Ross SA, El-Feraly FS, Tekwani BL, Gafur MA, Bosselaers J, Mossa JS, Khan SI, Muhammad I, Samoylenko V, Dunbar DC

[Phytother Res, 2008]

A bioassay-guided fractionation of Juniperus procera berries yielded antiparasitic, nematicidal and antifouling constituents, including a wide range of known abietane, pimarane and labdane diterpenes. Among these, abieta-7,13-diene (1) demonstrated in vitro antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum D6 and W2 strains (IC(50) = 1.9 and 2.0 microg/mL, respectively), while totarol (6), ferruginol (7) and 7beta-hydroxyabieta-8,13-diene-11,12-dione (8) inhibited Leishmania donovani promastigotes with IC(50) values of 3.5-4.6 microg/mL. In addition, totarol demonstrated nematicidal and antifouling activities against Caenorhabditis elegans and Artemia salina at a concentration of 80 microg/mL and 1 microg/mL, respectively. The resinous exudate of J. virginiana afforded known antibacterial E-communic acid (4) and 4-epi-abietic acid (5), while the volatile oil from its trunk wood revealed large quantities of cedrol (9). Using GC/MS, the two known abietanes totarol (6) and ferruginol (7) were identified from the berries of J. procera, J. excelsa and J. phoenicea.

Kirstein J et al. (2017) Aging Cell "In vivo properties of the disaggregase function of J-proteins and Hsc70 in Caenorhabditis elegans stress and aging."

Scior A, Nillegoda NB, Arnsburg K, Guilbride DL, Szlachcic A, Kirstein J, Bukau B, Morimoto RI

[Aging Cell, 2017]

Protein aggregation is enhanced upon exposure to various stress conditions and aging, which suggests that the quality control machinery regulating protein homeostasis could exhibit varied capacities in different stages of organismal lifespan. Recently, an efficient metazoan disaggregase activity was identified invitro, which requires the Hsp70 chaperone and Hsp110 nucleotide exchange factor, together with single or cooperating J-protein co-chaperones of classes A and B. Here, we describe how the orthologous Hsp70s and J-protein of Caenorhabditis elegans work together to resolve protein aggregates both invivo and invitro to benefit organismal health. Using an RNAi knockdown approach, we show that class A and B J-proteins cooperate to form an interactive flexible network that relocalizes to protein aggregates upon heat shock and preferentially recruits constitutive Hsc70 to disaggregate heat-induced protein aggregates and polyQ aggregates that form in an age-dependent manner. Cooperation between class A and B J-proteins is also required for organismal health and promotes thermotolerance, maintenance of fecundity, and extended viability after heat stress. This disaggregase function of J-proteins and Hsc70 therefore constitutes a powerful regulatory network that is key to Hsc70-based protein quality control mechanisms in metazoa with a central role in the clearance of aggregates, stress recovery, and organismal fitness in aging.

Wilson SM et al. (2002) Nat Genet "Synaptic defects in ataxia mice result from a mutation in Usp14, encoding a ubiquitin-specific protease."

Tessarollo L, Householder DB, Copeland NG, Rachel RA, Miller RJ, Jenkins NA, Fletcher CF, Bhattacharyya B, Coppola V, Wilson SM

[Nat Genet, 2002]

Mice that are homozygous with respect to a mutation (ax(J)) in the ataxia (ax) gene develop severe tremors by 2-3 weeks of age followed by hindlimb paralysis and death by 6-10 weeks of age. Here we show that ax encodes ubiquitin-specific protease 14 (Usp14). Ubiquitin proteases are a large family of cysteine proteases that specifically cleave ubiquitin conjugates. Although Usp14 can cleave a ubiquitin-tagged protein in vitro, it is unable to process polyubiquitin, which is believed to be associated with the protein aggregates seen in Parkinson disease, spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1; ref. 4) and gracile axonal dystrophy (GAD). The physiological substrate of Usp14 may therefore contain a mono-ubiquitin side chain, the removal of which would regulate processes such as protein localization and protein activity. Expression of Usp14 is significantly altered in ax(J)/ax(J) mice as a result of the insertion of an intracisternal-A particle (IAP) into intron 5 of Usp14. In contrast to other neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson disease and SCA1 in humans and GAD in mice, neither ubiquitin-positive protein aggregates nor neuronal cell loss is detectable in the central nervous system (CNS) of ax(J) mice. Instead, ax(J) mice have defects in synaptic transmission in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. These results suggest that ubiquitin proteases are important in regulating synaptic activity in mammals.