Wei-meng Woo et al. (2004) West Coast Worm Meeting "The extracellular matrix protein F-spondin is essential for muscle attachment and epidermal elongation"

Chris Suh, Yishi Jin, Andrew D Chisholm, Mei Ding, Christie Emigh, Wei-Meng Woo, Jian Cao

[West Coast Worm Meeting, 2004]

In C. elegans epidermal intermediate filaments (IFs) and their associated structures, the trans-epidermal attachments, are essential for embryonic epidermal elongation (Woo et al 2004). The formation of muscle contractile units and trans-epidermal attachments are mutually dependent during epidermal elongation. To understand how the connection between epidermis and muscle is established and how the two tissues communicate during organogenesis, we performed a screen for epidermal elongation-defective mutants. One locus identified in this screen was defined by three lethal alleles and mapped to the cluster of LG II. Subsequent analysis showed that these mutations were allelic to vab-13 and ven-3 . By genetic mapping and allele sequencing we showed that all these mutations affect F10E7.4, which encodes the C. elegans member of the F-spondin family of secreted proteins. F-spondin has been shown to play roles in axon guidance, cell migration, and angiogenesis. Our genetic analysis shows that in C. elegans F-spondin is required for epidermal elongation and muscle attachment, as well as for proper positioning of neuronal processes. Using GFP reporters, we found that F-spondin is expressed in body muscle cells and is a secreted protein. Thus, F-spondin may function in embryogenesis in communication between muscle and epidermis. Immunostaining of F-spondin mutants suggest that F-spondin may indirectly affect the organization of epidermal actin microfilaments and trans-epidermal attachments . We are examining the expression patterns of muscle and basement membrane components in F-spondin mutants. To study the signaling pathways regulated by F-spondin, we are testing mutations in candidate receptor genes for genetic interactions with F-spondin mutations.

Bonnie Kaas et al. (2008) C.elegans Neuronal Development Meeting "Regulation of Levels of UNC-13 at Synapses"

Rebecca Lawson, Rebecca Kohn, Thomas Limouze, Ryan Wennell, Bonnie Kaas

[C.elegans Neuronal Development Meeting, 2008]

Release of neurotransmitters from neurons is highly regulated. Several proteins play roles in this process, including UNC-13, and decreased release of neurotransmitters in unc-13 mutants results in paralysis. We identified an F-box protein that interacts with UNC-13. F-box proteins participate in ubiquitin ligase complexes and in Drosophila, DUNC-13 is degraded via the ubiquitin proteasome pathway. This UNC-13/F-box interaction may therefore indicate that UNC-13 is tagged for proteasomal degradation with ubiquitin by the ligase complex in C. elegans. The C. elegans knockout consortium isolated a strain with a large deletion in the coding region of the gene that codes for the F-box protein. If the F-box protein is indeed involved in the degradation of UNC-13, this strain would be expected to have higher levels of UNC-13, which could result in changes in phenotypes. We characterized the F-box deletion mutant by assaying brood size, developmental rate, and body bends per minute. Aldicarb assays were used to determine whether a deletion in the gene coding for the F-box protein alters the response to inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase. We found that the deletion resulted in some changes in developmental rate and in aldicarb sensitivity. We are continuing to study strains with mutations in both the gene coding for the F-box protein and in unc-13.

Schlientz, A. et al. (2017) International Worm Meeting "Exploring the role of CLASPCLS-2 in oocyte meiotic spindle assembly and bipolarity."

Schlientz, A., Bowerman, B.

[International Worm Meeting, 2017]

Oocyte meiotic spindles assemble in the absence centrosomes, which provide microtubule nucleation and establish bipolarity during mitotic and sperm meiotic spindle assembly. This phenomenon begs the question, what factors are required for establishing/maintaining oocyte meiotic spindle bipolarity given the absence of centrosomes? To enhance our understanding of spindle assembly in the absence of centrosomes, we are investigating the role of the C. elegans CLASP family member CLS-2 in oocyte meiotic spindle assembly. Studies of CLASP family members indicate that these proteins promote microtubule stability by preventing microtubule depolymerization, but how they contribute to oocyte meiotic spindle assembly remains poorly understood.1 To better examine the role of CLASPCLS-2 in oocyte meiotic spindle assembly, we have used CRISPR/Cas9 to generate putative CLS-2 null-alleles. These new alleles show both the previously reported mitotic defects via Nomarski DIC microscopy, as well as occasional instances of multiple maternal pronuclei - a phenotype associated with defects in oocyte meiotic spindle assembly that has not been previously reported after cls-2(RNAi). Using spinning disk confocal microscopy, we have also observed the previously reported oocyte meiotic chromosome segregation defects.2 Loss of CLS-2 in oocytes results in the formation of highly aberrant spindles lacking distinct bipolarity, which fail to segregate chromosomal masses during both meiosis I and II. Intriguingly, the membrane ingression normally observed during polar body extrusion appears to be absent in our CLS-2 mutants, and polar body extrusion may be completely absent. This is in contrast to several other oocyte spindle assembly defective mutants, in which membrane ingression occurs even if polar body extrusion is abnormal to varying degrees. These preliminary results indicate that CLS-2 may play important roles in both spindle assembly and polar body extrusion. We are characterizing both processes in more detail to better define the requirements for CLS-2 during oocyte meiotic spindle assembly. 1. Al-Bassam, J. & Chang, F. Regulation of microtubule dynamics by TOG-domain proteins XMAP215/Dis1 and CLASP. Trends Cell Biol 21, 604-614 (2011). 2. Dumont, J. & Desai, A. Acentrosomal spindle assembly and chromosome segregation during oocyte meiosis. Trends Cell Biol 22, 241-249 (2012).

Nathalie Velarde et al. (2005) International Worm Meeting "F-actin dynamics in early C. elegans development"

Nathalie Velarde, Fabio Piano

[International Worm Meeting, 2005]

Actin has been shown to play key roles during early development in the C. elegans embryo (Schneider and Bowerman, 2003). However, it has been difficult to faithfully reproduce F-actin dynamics in vivo during early embryogenesis. To visualize F-actin we have generated a transgenic line that uses the F-actin binding domain of Drosophila moesin to decorate endogenous actin filaments with GFP (GFP::Moe). The GFP::Moe fusion line appears to be specific for filamentous actin and allows the visualization of F-actin dynamics in C. elegans in embryos. Preliminary evidence shows that F-actin is very dynamic in many cellular processes from prior to fertilization through the first mitotic cellular division. During fertilization a posterior actin cap forms and then dissipates. Prior to the first cell division F-actin becomes enriched in the anterior, similar to the anterior PAR proteins. As seen in par-3 mutants (Kirby et. al., 1990), depleting the embryo of PAR-6 with RNAi prevents this enrichment, suggesting that PAR-6 and the other anterior PARs may be required for F-actin to accumulate in the anterior. We have also observed the presence of highly dynamic actin comets in the early embryo. Preliminary evidence suggests that these comets may be involved with endocytic processes. Using results from large-scale RNAi surveys, we are employing the GFP::Moe line to perform secondary screening of genes associated with pseudocleavage defects to further characterize this process. We will present our progress in using this GFP::Moe line to study genetic interactions involving actin dynamics in early development.

Atsushi Yamanaka et al. (2001) International C. elegans Meeting "Biochemical and functional analysis of SKP1 family in Caenorhabditis elegans"

Yasumi Ohshima, Kei-ichi Nakayama, Masayoshi Yada, Atsushi Yamanaka, Hiroyuki Imaki

[International C. elegans Meeting, 2001]

The ubiuquitin-proteasome pathway is a key mechanism for substrate-specific degradation to control the abundance of a number of proteins. SCF complex, one of ubiquitin-protein ligases (E3s), regulates cell cycle progression, signal transduction, and many other biological systems. The SCF complex consists of invariable components, such as Skp1, Cul-1 and Rbx1, and variable components called F-box proteins that bind to Skp1 through the F-box motif. F-box proteins are substrate-specific adaptor subunits that recruit substrates to the SCF complex. Surprisingly, we found that the genome of Caenorhabditis elegans ( C. elegans ) contains at least 20 Skp1-like sequenses, whereas one or a few Skp1 is present in humans. Therefore, we studied C. elegans Skp1-like proteins (CeSkp1) that are likely to be variable components of SCF complex in addition to F-box proteins. At least, seven CeSkp1s were associated with C. elegans Cul-1 (CeCul-1) in yeast two-hybrid system as well as co-immunoprecipitation assay in mammalian cells, and these expression patterns were different in C. elegans . By RNA interference (RNAi), two of these CeSkp1s showed embyonic lethality and four showed the phenotype of slow growth. There were differences among CeSkp1s in ability to interact with F-box proteins. These results suggest that CeSkp1s, like F-box proteins, act as variable components of SCF complex in C. elegans .

Soto, Martha et al. (2010) C. elegans: Development and Gene Expression, EMBL, Heidelberg, Germany "Arp2/3-based Regulation of Junctional Dynamics During Morphogenetic Cell Movements and Polarization."

Bernadskaya, Yelena, Patel, Falshruti, Soto, Martha

[C. elegans: Development and Gene Expression, EMBL, Heidelberg, Germany, 2010]

Morphogenesis requires dynamic interaction between the adherens junctions and the actin cytoskeleton. This interaction is mediated by ?-catenin, which was proposed to be a stable bridge between the junctions and F-actin at the apical regions of polarized epithelial cells. However, ?-catenin cannot bind to F-actin and its adherens junction partner, ?-catenin, simultaneously, suggesting the bridge is dynamic and complex. ?-catenin was thought to inhibit Arp2/3-based branched actin at the junctions for normal maturation of adherens junctions. Our research suggests a new positive role for Arp2/3-dependent branched actin in junctional maturation and during embryonic cell movements of C. elegans . In this study we investigate how progressive WAVE/Scar and Arp2/3-depen dent accumulation of ?-catenin at the adherens junctions contributes to the accumulation of F-actin at apical regions of epithelial cells. We find that removing Arp2/3-dependent actin nucleation disrupts junctional maturation and results in altered levels of adherens junctional proteins in epithelial tissues. In particular, there is a drop in both ?-catenin and F-actin levels at the apical intestine, and altered organization of the apical intestine. Subcellular fractionation reveals that loss of Arp2/3-dependent actin nucleation reduces the amount of ?-catenin in the membrane-associated pool. These data demonstrate an essential role for Arp2/3 to dynamically remodel F-actin to support adherens junctions and polarized F-actin during cell migration and tissue morphogenesis.

Ge Gao et al. (2004) Mid-west Worm Meeting "Loss of pan-1 causes a Peter Pan-like phenotype in C. elegans"

Ge Gao, Karen Bennett

[Mid-west Worm Meeting, 2004]

P-granules are complexes of proteins and RNA found surrounding the nuclei of C. elegans germ cells and germ cell precursors. GLH (germline RNA helicase) proteins are components of the germline specific P-granules, which are necessary for fertility in C. elegans . PAN-1, a P-granule associated novel protein, was identified as a GLH-binding protein in yeast two hybrid assays. PAN-1 contains some conserved amino acids of N-terminal F-box motifs, as well as sixteen leucine-rich repeats and a weak FOG-2 homology (FTH) motif, each found in F-box proteins. F-box proteins, in the SCF (SKP-1, Cullin, F-box) complex, utilize ubiquitin-mediated substrate degradation. When pan-1 is eliminated by RNA interference (RNAi), the larvae arrest between the L1 and L2 stages and can survive eight days at 20 0 C. A pan-1(gk142) deletion strain exhibits the same 'forever-young' phenotype. mRNA analysis and protein expression show that PAN-1 is not germline specific but is germline enhanced. Experiments are ongoing to separate potential germline and somatic functions of PAN-1. If PAN-1 belongs to the family of F-box proteins, it may be implicated in regulating GLH protein levels, as are two other GLH binding proteins, CSN-5 and KGB-1.

De Fruyt, Nathan et al. (2021) International Worm Meeting "Neuropeptidergic modulation of C. elegans learning behavior"

Van Damme, Sara, Schoofs, Liliane, Watteyne, Jan, De Fruyt, Nathan, Beets, Isabel, Fadda, Melissa

[International Worm Meeting, 2021]

Neuropeptides are an evolutionarily conserved group of neuromodulators that regulate a wide range of adaptive behaviors, such as learning. Yet, unravelling the molecular and circuit mechanisms underlying this neuropeptidergic modulation is challenging due to the diversity of neuropeptide signaling pathways, and their 'wireless' extrasynaptic mode of action. Using reverse pharmacology, we have constructed a molecular map of the C. elegans neuropeptide-receptor network. Phylogenetic reconstruction of the evolutionary history of nematode neuropeptide systems across bilaterian animals revealed several nematode-specific diversifications of neuropeptide signaling in addition to evolutionarily ancient neuropeptide pathways. One of these ancient, conserved pathways is a neuropeptide Y/F (NPY/F)-like signaling system that is an important regulator of learning behavior both in Proto- and Deuterostomia. We found that NPY/F-like FLP-34 neuropeptides are required in serotonergic neurons for aversive olfactory associative learning, which is functionally similar to the role of NPY in vertebrate learning as well as to the role of NPF in invertebrate learning. NPY/F-like neuropeptides are released from serotonergic neurons and signal through the G protein-coupled receptor NPR-11 in the excitatory AIA interneurons to facilitate olfactory aversive learning. In addition, signaling through NPY/F-like receptor NPR-11 also affects learning in salt gustatory plasticity, a gustatory associative learning paradigm. NPY/F-like signaling is not the only neuropeptidergic signaling system affecting learning behavior; we discovered additional neuropeptides that appear to be important to the learning process as well, including peptides that are expressed in non-neuronal cells. Our current research focuses on unravelling the functions of such non-neuronal neuropeptide messengers in learning and other types of behavioral plasticity.

Chamberlin HM et al. (1991) International C. elegans Meeting "INDUCTION DURING MALE SPICULE DEVELOPMENT"

Chamberlin HM, Sternberg PW

[International C. elegans Meeting, 1991]

We have begun to characterize cell interactions that specify cell fates in the male-specific blast cell, B. The B cell generates the spicules in the male tail. As shown by Sulston and White [Dev Biol 78, 577 (1980)], the fates of two pairs of bipotent cells, alpha/ (B.a( l/r)aa) and gamma/delta (B.a(l/r)pp), depend on their relative positions. Thus they must respond to spatial cues. Our cell ablation experiments indicate that other male-specific blast cells, F and U, provide at least part of such spatial cues. In a wild type male, F daughters are positioned immediately anterior to the gamma/delta pair ( next to r), and U daughters are anterior to alpha/ (next to a). Ablation of both F and U results in three B lineage defects: (l) transformation of alpha to , (2) abnormal truncated gamma lineages, and (3) abnormalities in B.a(l/r)ap. In single ablations of either F or U, the B lineage is either wild type or occasionally abnormal, with truncated gamma lineages (for F-), or alpha to transformation (for U- ). Variation in the lineages of F-U- ablated animals suggests that we have not completely eliminated the inductive signal(s). However, we have clearly identified candidates for inducing cells in the alpha/ and gamma/delta equivalence groups. Genes identified for their role in vulval induction are also involved in induction of the alpha and gamma fates. The lineage defects in mutant males suggest that, as in the vulva, there are two classes of mutations which give two opposite phenotypes. Vulvaless class mutations lin-3, let-23, lin-45, and let- 60(dn) result in transformation of alpha to , truncated gamma lineages, and abnormalities in B.a(l/r)ap. Thus, the Vulvaless mutations mimic F-U- ablations in the male B lineage, in the same way that they mimic anchor cell ablation in the hermaphrodite vulva. In contrast, Multivulva class mutations lin-l and let-60(gf) result in rare to alpha transformations, and extra divisions in delta.

Gabel C V et al. (2010) Neuronal Development, Synaptic Function and Behavior, Madison, WI "The Core Apoptotic Executioner Proteins CED-3 and CED-4 Promote Neuronal Regeneration in Caenorhabditis elegans"

Driscoll M, Samuel A, Pinan-Lucarre B, Gabel C V

[Neuronal Development, Synaptic Function and Behavior, Madison, WI, 2010]

How neurons in their native environments respond to, and recover from, localized physical damage is poorly understood and of great relevance to medical research. Femtosecond laser surgery allows precise cutting of individual axons within living C. elegans, such that in vivo regeneration can be directly observed1,2. We are applying this technology to investigate the role of the cell death machinery in the neuronal response to traumatic damage. We have found that CED-3 caspase, extensively characterized for its role as the essential core executioner protease in apoptosis3, acts to promote early events in axonal regeneration. Time-lapse imaging reveals mutant defects in the early stage of regenerative growth cone formation, i.e., the sprouting of short, often transient, exploratory processes. Apoptotic caspase activator CED-4/Apaf1 is also required for efficient regeneration, but the upstream apoptotic regulators CED-9/Bcl2 and EGL-1 and CED-13 BH3 domain proteins are dispensable, revealing regulation mechanistically distinct from C. elegans apoptosis. Regeneration also depends on caspase csp-1, as well as caspase regulators csp-2 and csp-3. Finally, we have found that the Ca2+-storing endoplasmic reticulum chaperone calreticulin crt-1 is necessary for efficient regeneration and appears to contribute to damage induced intracellular calcium signaling, acting upstream of CED-3 in response to nerve damage. This study reveals an unexpected reconstructive role for proteins known to orchestrate cell death. 1 Gabel, C. V., Antonie, F., Chuang, C. F., Samuel, A. D. & Chang, C. Distinct cellular and molecular mechanismsmediate initial axon development and adult-stage axon regeneration in C.elegans. Development 135, 1129-1136 (2008). 2 Yanik, M. F. et al. Neurosurgery: functional regeneration after laser axotomy. Nature 432, 822 (2004). 3 Yuan, J., Shaham, S., Ledoux, S., Ellis, H. M.& Horvitz, H. R. The C. elegans cell death gene ced-3 encodes a proteinsimilar to mammalian interleukin-1 beta-converting enzyme. Cell 75, 641-652 (1993).